浪漫派诗人——狄兰•托马斯（中英文三首诗赏析）_崇剑法师

　　
　　这是我去天堂的第三十年
　　醒来我倾听港口和附近树林
　　贻贝聚集、苍鹭
　　为岸布道
　　早晨召唤
　　用水的祷告和海鸥白嘴鸦的啼叫
　　而帆船敲击网织的墙
　　我自己踏进
　　那瞬间
　　依然沉睡的小镇，动身。
　　
　　我的生日始于水
　　鸟和展翅的树木之鸟放飞我的名字
　　在那些农庄和白马之上
　　我起身
　　在多雨之秋
　　在我所有日子的阵雨中外出。
　　潮水涨，鹭下潜，当我上路
　　越过边界
　　而城门
　　在小镇醒来时关闭。
　　
　　涌动的百灵鸟在滚滚
　　云中，路旁灌木丛溢满乌鸫
　　的呼哨，十月的太阳
　　夏天一般
　　在山冈的肩膀，
　　天气宜人，甜蜜歌手们突然
　　走进我游荡其中并倾听
　　雨水淋湿的早晨
　　寒风吹透
　　我脚下远处的树林。
　　
　　苍白的雨在缩小的海湾上
　　在大海弄诅的蜗牛大小的教堂上
　　用触角穿透迷雾，而城堡
　　棕褐如枭
　　但春天和夏天的
　　所有花园都在吹牛中怒放
　　在边界那边在百灵鸟充斥的云下
　　在那里我会为
　　我的生日而惊奇
　　但天气突变。
　　
　　它避开那欢乐的国度
　　随另一气流而下，蓝色改变天空
　　再次流出夏天的惊愕
　　和苹果
　　梨及红醋栗一起
　　在转变中我如此清楚地看见一个孩子
　　那些被遗忘的早晨，他和母亲
　　穿过阳光的
　　寓言
　　和那绿色小教堂的传说
　　
　　以及两次被告知的幼年田野
　　他的泪灼烫我的脸，心跳在我胸中
　　在树林河流和大海之处
　　一个孩子
　　正倾听
　　死亡之夏把欢乐的真理
　　悄悄告诉树石头和潮中的鱼
　　而神秘
　　还在
　　在水中在啼鸟中欢唱。
　　
　　在那里我会为我的生日惊奇
　　但天气突变，那长眠的孩子
　　所歌唱的真正快乐燃烧
　　在太阳中。
　　这是我去天堂的
　　第三十年，站在夏日正午
　　而下面的小镇满树十月的血。
　　噢愿我心中真理
　　仍在这
　　转变之年的高山上被歌唱。(北岛)

Poem In October

It was my thirtieth year to heaven
Woke to my hearing from harbour and neighbour wood
And the mussel pooled and the heron
Priested shore
The morning beckon
With water praying and call of seagull and rook
And the knock of sailing boats on the net webbed wall
Myself to set foot
That second
In the still sleeping town and set forth.

My birthday began with the water-
Birds and the birds of the winged trees flying my name
Above the farms and the white horses
And I rose
In rainy autumn
And walked abroad in a shower of all my days.
High tide and the heron dived when I took the road
Over the border
And the gates
Of the town closed as the town awoke.

A springful of larks in a rolling
Cloud and the roadside bushes brimming with whistling
Blackbirds and the sun of October
Summery
On the hill's shoulder,
Here were fond climates and sweet singers suddenly
Come in the morning where I wandered and listened
To the rain wringing
Wind blow cold
In the wood faraway under me.

Pale rain over the dwindling harbour
And over the sea wet church the size of a snail
With its horns through mist and the castle
Brown as owls
But all the gardens
Of spring and summer were blooming in the tall tales
Beyond the border and under the lark full cloud.
There could I marvel
My birthday
Away but the weather turned around.

It turned away from the blithe country
And down the other air and the blue altered sky
Streamed again a wonder of summer
With apples
Pears and red currants
And I saw in the turning so clearly a child's
Forgotten mornings when he walked with his mother
Through the parables
Of sun light
And the legends of the green chapels

And the twice told fields of infancy
That his tears burned my cheeks and his heart moved in mine.
These were the woods the river and sea
Where a boy
In the listening
Summertime of the dead whispered the truth of his joy
To the trees and the stones and the fish in the tide.
And the mystery
Sang alive
Still in the water and singingbirds.

And there could I marvel my birthday
Away but the weather turned around. And the true
Joy of the long dead child sang burning
In the sun.
It was my thirtieth
Year to heaven stood there then in the summer noon
Though the town below lay leaved with October blood.
O may my heart's truth
Still be sung
On this high hill in a year's turning.

（二）死亡也不得称霸

　
　　而死亡也不得称霸。
　　死者赤裸他们将
　　与风中人西边月合一；
　　当他们骨头剔净消失，
　　他们肘边脚下会有星星；
　　尽管发疯他们会清醒，
　　尽管沉入大海他们会再升起；
　　尽管失去恋人爱情依旧；
　　而死亡也不得称霸。
　　
　　而死亡也不得称霸。
　　在大海的九曲回肠下
　　他们久卧不会如风消失；
　　在刑架辗转精疲力竭，
　　绑在轮上，他们不会碎裂；
　　在他们手中信仰会折断，
　　独角兽之恶穿透他们；
　　四分五裂他们不会屈服；
　　而死亡也不得称霸。
　　
　　而死亡也不得称霸。
　　没有海鸥在他们耳边叫喊
　　或波浪轰击海岸；
　　花吹落处不再有花
　　昂头迎向风雨；
　　尽管发疯彻底死去，
　　那些人击穿雏菊崭露头角；
　　闯入太阳直到太阳碎裂，
　　而死亡也不得称霸。
　　(北岛译)

And Death Shall Have No Dominion

And death shall have no dominion.
Dead mean naked they shall be one
With the man in the wind and the west moon;
When their bones are picked clean and the clen bones gone,
They shall have stars at elbow and foot;
Though they go mad they shall be sane,
Though they sink through the sea they shall rise again;
Though lovers be lost love shall not;
And death shall have no dominion.

And death shall have no dominion.
Under the windings of the sea
They lying long shall not die windily;
Twisting on racks when sinews give way,
Strapped to a wheel, yet they shall not break;
Faith in their hands shall snap in two,
And the unicorn evils run them through;
Split all ends up they shan't crack;
And death shall have no dominion.

And death shall have no dominion.
No more may gulls cry at their ears
Or waves break loud on the seashores;
Where blew a flower may a flower no more
Lift its head to the blows of the rain;
Through they be mad and dead as nails,
Heads of the characters hammer through daisies;
Break in the sun till the sun breaks down,
And death shall have no dominion.

（三）通过绿色导火索，催开花朵的力量

　　通过绿色导火索催开花朵的力量
　　催开我绿色年华；炸毁树根的力量
　　是我的毁灭者。
　　而我哑然告知弯曲的玫瑰
　　我的青春同样被冬天的高烧压弯。
　　
　　驱动穿透岩·石之水的力量
　　驱动我的鲜血；枯竭滔滔不绝的力量
　　使我的血凝结。
　　而我哑然告知我的血管
　　同样的嘴怎样吮吸那山泉。
　　
　　在池中搅动水的手
　　搅动流沙；牵引急风的手
　　牵引我裹尸布的帆。
　　而我哑然告知那绞死的人
　　我的泥土怎样制成刽子手的石灰。
　　
　　时间之唇蛭吸源泉；
　　爱情滴散聚合，但沉落的血
　　会平息她的痛楚。
　　我哑然告知一种气候的风
　　时间怎样沿星星滴答成天堂。
　　
　　而我哑然告知情人的墓穴
　　我床单上怎样蠕动着同样的蛆虫。
　　(北岛译)

The Force that Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower

The force that through the green fuse drives the flower
Drives my green age; that blasts the roots of trees
Is my destroyer.
And I am dumb to tell the crooked rose
My youth is bent by the same wintry fever.

The force that drives the water through the rocks
Drives my red blood; that dries the mouthing streams
Turns mine to wax.
And I am dumb to mouth unto my veins
How at the mountain spring the same mouth sucks.

The hand that whirls the water in the pool
Stirs the quicksand; that ropes the blowing wind
Hauls my shroud sail.
And I am dumb to tell the hanging man
How of my clay is made the hangman's lime.

The lips of time leech to the fountain head;
Love drips and gathers, but the fallen blood
Shall calm her sores.
And I am dumb to tell a weather's wind
How time has ticked a heaven round the stars.

And I am dumb to tell the lover's tomb
How at my sheet goes the same crooked worm

[赏析]：
但我听到狄兰自己朗诵这首诗的录音，他的声音浑厚低沉，微微颤抖，抑扬顿挫，如同萨满教巫师的祝福诅咒一般，让人惊悚。

通过绿色导火索催开花朵的力量

催开我绿色年华；炸毁树根的力量

是我的毁灭者。

而我哑然告知弯曲的玫瑰

我的青春同样被冬天的高烧压弯。

一首诗开篇至关重要，一锤定音，有如神助一般，可遇而不可求。

狄兰的第一句就是如此。绿色导火索与花朵的因果关系，正是通过催开这一动词连接并推动的，如果用另一种处理方式，或置换另一个动词，就会毁掉这一句甚至整首诗。若仅有通过绿色导火索催开花朵的力量还不够，紧接着催开我绿色年华成为第二推动力，由此带出炸毁树根的力量／是我的毁灭者。纵观全诗，每一句都是由这类相关联的两组意象组成的。而我哑然告知弯曲的玫瑰／我的青春同样被冬天的高烧压弯。我前面提到过哑然告知，恰恰表明了诗歌写作的困境在语言限度与可能之间。冬天的高烧又是典型的矛盾修辞法，处理不好，效果会适得其反。

驱动穿透岩石之水的力量

驱动我的鲜血；枯竭滔滔不绝的力量

使我的血凝结。

而我哑然告知我的血管

同样的嘴怎样吮吸那山泉。

第二段如果压不过第一段，也丝毫不能示弱。穿透岩石之水与我的鲜血对应，用滴水穿石比喻人的生命力，反之亦然。在这一段用了三个和嘴相关的意象：第一次是滔滔不绝(mouthing)，第三次是同样的嘴，而第二次是我哑然告知(I amdumb to mouth)，仅在这一段和其他的我哑然告知(I am dumb to tell)不同，用嘴替代告知。可惜在翻译中难以反映出来。

在池中搅动水的手

搅动流沙；牵引急风的手

牵引我裹尸布的帆。

而我哑然告知那绞死的人

我的泥土怎样制成刽子手的石灰。

第三段音调的转变，是从句式变化开始的，而动词仍是改变句式的动力：搅动、牵引、制成。牵引我裹尸布的帆带人死亡意象。在绞死的人、刽子手与我之间，由于生死相连，在某种意义上构成某种共谋关系。

时间之唇蛭吸源泉；

爱情滴散聚合，但沉落的血

会平息她的痛楚。

我哑然告知一种气候的风

时间怎样沿星星滴答成天堂。

第四段第一句非常精彩：时间之唇蛭吸源泉。正如我刚才分析翻译时提到动词蛭吸(leech)，正是这个让人疼痛畏惧的词，显示出时间之唇的贪婪和残忍。爱情滴散聚合正与时间之唇蛭吸源泉相呼应，但沉落的血／会平息她的痛楚，在这里，她显然是指爱情。时间怎样沿星星滴答成天堂让人拍案叫绝，足以在结尾处压住分量。

而我哑然告知情人的墓穴

我床单上怎样蠕动着同样的蛆虫。

最后一段由两行组成，是对整首诗的主题——自然、生死、爱情相生相克的总结。

　　这是一首伟大的现代抒情诗。诗歌写作是一种危险的平衡。狄兰的伟大之处就在于他把握住这一危险的平衡，找到容纳他那野蛮力量的唯一形式。他这首诗如此雄辩，如此浑然一体。在某种意义上，一首好诗是不讲理的，靠的是通过绿色导火索催开花朵的力量，穿透语言与逻辑之网。

http://s7/bmiddle/593fbe67gb85b3faa8636&690

    狄兰•托马斯(Dylan Thomas)过世时年仅39岁。但是，这位才华横溢的诗人、剧作家和短篇小说家为后人留下大量巨著，其中形象化的描述尤为出众，而他的创作灵感多来自故乡南威尔斯美轮美奂的风景和海景。他将大自然的活力理想化，不惜笔墨地描写海浪唱着欢快的小曲轻抚威尔斯海岸。

    托马斯1914年出生于斯沃西（Swansea)，他曾形容这里是『曲线曼妙的海岸』，后来又宣称『这片海是我的世界』(This sea was my world)，并在《作为一条小狗的艺术家画像》(Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog)里描述他早年的经历。游客可追随作者年轻时的足迹，了解他的生平事迹，亦可参观狄兰•托马斯中心，观赏有关作者的常设展览。

    沿狄兰•托马斯路(Dylan Thomas Trail)向西，可到达高尔半岛(Gower Peninsula)，优悠漫步于这里的黄金沙滩之上。高尔半岛是英国首个官方认可的「杰出自然美景区」，这里的若西莉海湾(Rhossili Bay)常常令狄兰•托马斯流连忘返，他曾写道『何不让我们永远、永远、永远居住于此』。风景秀丽的Tywi谷亦曾留下作者孩童时的美好回忆，有诗《Fern Hill》为证。

    现时，度假者仍可在此找寻到保持原始风貌的冒险乐园：在斯沃西四周攀岩、漫步海滩；在海湾享受刺激的冲浪快感；坐在岩石上垂钓，骑马周游高尔半岛；或者，骑上单车沿塞尔特步道（Celtic Trail）和Clyne Valley 单车径在岛上漫游。

    托马斯的一生虽然短暂，却游历广泛。1937年，他与Caitlin Macnamara在康沃尔的Penzance结婚，蜜月则在『英格兰最迷人的村庄』Mousehole和Newlyn度过。如果来此旅游，便会发现西南面的海滨小径曲折浪漫的风景，诱使游客在英格兰最南端流连忘返。

    托马斯亦曾居住在爱尔兰、牛津、汉普郡及伦敦。不过，他最终定居于斯沃西海滨的Laugharne，即他的著名广播剧《Under Milk Wood》中的Llareggub。他『在岩石断口之上随大海飘摇的家』——Boat Shed，现已成为文化遗产中心，在此亦可深入了解作者的生平和著作。

The most important young English poet of the 1940s.Strange violence of the imagery and powerfully suggestive obscurity Themes of birth, death, and love and their interrelatedness.

Dylan Thomas was born in Wales in 1914. He was a neurotic, sickly child who shied away from school and preferred reading on his own; he read all of D. H. Lawrence's poetry, impressed by Lawrence's descriptions of a vivid natural world. Fascinated by language, he excelled in English and reading, but neglected other subjects and dropped out of school at sixteen. His first book, Eighteen Poems, was published to great acclaim when he was twenty. Thomas did not sympathize with T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden's thematic concerns with social and intellectual issues, and his writing, with its intense lyricism and highly charged emotion, has more in common with the Romantic tradition.

Thomas first visited America in January 1950, at the age of thirty-five. His reading tours of the United States, which did much to popularize the poetry reading as new medium for the art, are famous and notorious, for Thomas was the archetypal Romantic poet of the popular American imagination: he was flamboyantly theatrical, a heavy drinker, engaged in roaring disputes in public, and read his work aloud with tremendous depth of feeling. He became a legendary figure, both for his work and the boisterousness of his life. Tragically, he died from alcoholism at the age of 39 after a particularly long drinking bout in New York City in 1953.

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