加载中…王石的大脑还好吗？
(2010-10-23 21:15:06)
标签：
王石登山大脑伤害健康 |
分类： 若有所思 |
周五，听了一次讲座，提及王石登山之事，说是费用不菲，在什么什么高度，每上升一米是多少多少钱等等。
据和讯财经原创，王石历次登山及花费如下：
1999年5月，玉珠峰，海拔6178米，登顶， 合计花费256万。王石1951年出生，时年48岁。
2000年4月，章子峰，海拔7143米，登顶，合计花费328万。
2001年8月，慕士塔格峰，海拔7546米，登顶，合计花费365万。
2002年2月，非洲乞利马扎罗山，海拔5895米，登顶，合计花费240万。
2002年5月，北美洲麦金利峰，海拔6194米，登顶，合计花费235万。
2003年5月，珠穆朗玛峰，海拔8848米，登顶，合计花费360万。
2003年12月，南极最高峰文森峰，海拔5140米，登顶，合计花费205万。
2004年1月，南美最高峰阿空加瓜峰，海拔6964米，登顶，合计花费226万。
2004年7月，欧洲最高峰厄尔布鲁士峰，海拔5642米，登顶，365万。
2004年7月，澳洲最高峰科修斯科峰，海拔2228米，登顶，合计花费234万。
2005年4月，滑雪抵达北极点，合计花费282万。
2005年12月，顺利抵达南极点，合计花费355万。
2006年12月24日，印度尼西亚查亚峰，海拔5，030米，登顶，合计花费233万。时年55岁。
有人在网上留言：登珠峰的人主要有两种，一种是穷苦人家出生的向导，一种是当游戏或炫耀或挑战的有钱人。
可见不假。
但王石是做秀还是挑战，早就有人说得没劲说了。这也不是我的重点。我今天感兴趣的是王石的大脑有没有受伤？因为我今天无意中搜到一篇文章（原载于科学美国人），说是攀登高山会伤害大脑。
大意及原文如下：
西班牙的神经学专家给35名登山者作了脑部核磁共振扫描，其中12名职业登山者和23名业余登山者，有13人尝试过珠峰。他们发现, 不但13名珠峰攀登者几乎都有大脑损伤, 很多没爬那么多的也有，他们返回后都没有意识到他们的大脑已经受到了伤害。
没有人能对缺氧免疫，影响是严重的，可能是长期的。即使没有严重的高原病, 扫描仍能发现脑部受损。
13个攀登珠峰的登山者中，3个到达8848米的顶峰，3个到达8100米，7个到达6500－7500米。只有一个业余登山者有严重高原病，另外12个专业登山者没有明显高山病的迹象，但仅有一人脑部扫描正常，12个人脑皮层萎缩或是脑血管间隙扩大，健康年轻人不应该有VR space。
所有8名阿空加瓜山的攀登者在核磁共振扫描中都显示出大脑皮层萎缩，其中7人VR间隙膨胀，4个人大脑皮层下损伤。
大脑是否能从登山伤害中恢复? 研究人员在三年后重新检查了攀登者的脑部，他们此间没有再从事高海拔攀登，第二次扫描显示损害仍然明显。
研究者们发现，7名登上4810米海拔勃朗峰的攀登者中有2个人VR间隙膨胀。
和业余登山者相比，专业登山者总的说来，大脑皮层萎缩更严重。他们感觉更强壮但显示出更严重的大脑损伤。
每年有约5000人攀上喜马拉雅山的群峰，爬上阿尔卑斯山和安第斯山的还要多好几千。越来越明显，这些攀登者正在为这份荣耀付出一些比血汗钱更重要的东西：他们的脑组织。
Three attributes of a good mountaineer are high pain threshold, bad memory, and ... I forget the third.
—Joke in a mountaineering Internet chat room
好的登山家有三个特征：痛苦耐受力高，记性差，还有……我想不起第三个了。
---互联网上某登山运动聊天室里的笑话
Into Thin Air: Mountain Climbing Kills Brain Cells
The neural cost of high-altitude mountaineering
By R. Douglas Fields
In the late 1890s in a laboratory atop a 4,554-meter peak in the Monta Rosa range in the Italian Alps, physiologist Angelo Mosso made the first direct observations of the effects of high altitude on the human brain: by eye and with an apparatus he designed, Mosso peeked into the skull of a man whose brain had been partly exposed in an accident, observing changes in swelling and pulsation.
Now a similar experiment has been done with noninvasive brain imaging, and for those of us who love to climb the results are not elevating. Neurologist Nicolás Fayed and his colleagues in Zaragoza, Spain, performed MRI brain scans on 35 climbers (12 professionals and 23 amateurs) who had returned from high-altitude expeditions, including 13 who had attempted Everest. They found brain damage in virtually every Everest climber but also in many climbers of lesser peaks who returned unaware that they had injured their brain. It seems that climbers of high mountains, whether weekend warrior or seasoned professional, face returning from the high peaks with a brain that is not in the same condition it was in beforehand.
What Gives in a Climber's Brain?
Although a person’s tolerance to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) varies according to differences in innate physiology and physical conditioning, no one is immune. Those effects can be acute, affecting you only while you are at altitude, or—as the Fayed study found—they can be longer-lasting.
The first acute stage is called, naturally enough, acute mountain sickness. It can cause headache, insomnia, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. The next, more serious stage is high- altitude cerebral edema, also known as HACE, brain swelling that is potentially fatal.
Lack of oxygen can directly damage brain cells. In addition, the walls of blood capillaries begin to leak at high altitudes, and the leaked fluid can cause dangerous swelling, pressing the brain outward against the rigid skull. Sometimes the optic nerves swell so badly they bulge into the back of the eye, degrading vision and causing retinal hemorrhages. Meanwhile blood, concentrated from dehydration and thickened by increased numbers of red blood cells, clots more easily. This clotting, along with the hemorrhage from the thinned capillaries, can cause a stroke. A climber with HACE may experience amnesia, confusion, delusions, emotional disturbance, personality changes and loss of consciousness.
Severe cases of acute high-altitude disease have long been known to cause brain damage. But one of the sobering things about the Fayed study is that even when climbers showed no signs of acute sickness, the scans still found brain damage.
The results in the Everest climbers were the starkest. Of the 13 climbers, three had made the 8,848-meter summit, three had reached 8,100 meters, and seven had topped out between 6,500 and 7,500 meters. The expedition had no major mishaps, and none of the 12 professional climbers evinced any obvious signs of high-altitude illness; the only acute case of mountain sickness was a mild one in the expedition’s amateur climber. Yet only one of the 13 climbers (a professional) returned with a normal brain scan. All the scans of the other 12 showed cortical atrophy or enlargement of the Virchow-Robin (VR) spaces. These spaces surround the blood vessels that drain brain fluid and communicate with the lymph system; widening of these VR spaces is seen in the elderly but rarely in the young. The amateur climber’s brain had also suffered subcortical lesions in the frontal lobes.
How High Is Too High?
Of course, Everest is extreme. Fayed and his colleagues also studied an eight-person team that attempted Aconcagua, a 6,962-meter summit in the Argentine Andes. Two climbers reached the summit, five climbed to between 6,000 and 6,400 meters, and one reached 5,500 meters. Yet three members experienced acute mountain sickness, and two displayed symptoms of brain edema—probably because they ascended more rapidly from lower altitudes than the Everest climbers did.
All eight Aconcagua climbers showed cortical atrophy on MRI scans. Seven showed enlarged VR spaces, and four showed numerous subcortical lesions. Some needed no scan to tell them their brains had been injured. One climber suffered aphasia (problems with speech), from which he recovered six months later. Two complained of transient memory loss after returning, and three others struggled with bradypsychia (slowed mental function).
The body is remarkably resilient: Does the brain recover from these mountaineering wounds? To answer this question, the researchers reexamined the same climbers three years after the expedition, with no other high-altitude climbing intervening. In all cases, the damage was still apparent on the second set of scans.
Still, Aconcagua is one of the world’s highest mountains. Mont Blanc in the western Alps is less extreme. Its 4,810-meter summit is climbed every year by thousands of mountaineers who probably do not expect injury to their “second favorite organ,” to use Woody Allen’s nomenclature for the brain. Yet the researchers found that of seven climbers who reached Mont Blanc’s summit, two returned with enlarged VR spaces.
Because Why?
The study suggests that chronic exposure to high altitudes is not required to experience irreversible brain damage. In fact, amateurs seem to be at greater risk, because they are more likely to suffer acute mountain sickness or high-altitude cerebral edema. At the same time, the experience required to become well acclimated seems to take an ever increasing cumulative toll; compared with the amateurs, professional climbers in this study had greater cortical atrophy overall. They felt stronger but showed more brain damage.
Mountain climbing is growing in popularity—and with good reason. It can provide experiences of a lifetime; a communion with nature and with friends that feeds the soul; intense and enduring rewards surpassing those found within the bounds of routine; and adventure and challenge that build courage, stamina and fortitude. It also gets you into incomparable mountain wilderness—although that is vanishing. Many sense that the singular “it” residing in George Mallory's pithy raison d’ascent—“Because it's there!”—may soon be gone.
Some 5,000 climbers ascend Himalayan peaks every year. Thousands more climb peaks in the Alps and Andes. Many of these people spend liberally to mount expeditions or to be guided to the summit. But it is increasingly clear that these climbers are paying for the privilege with something more than hard-earned cash. They’re paying with brain tissue.
据和讯财经原创，王石历次登山及花费如下：
1999年5月，玉珠峰，海拔6178米，登顶， 合计花费256万。王石1951年出生，时年48岁。
2000年4月，章子峰，海拔7143米，登顶，合计花费328万。
2001年8月，慕士塔格峰，海拔7546米，登顶，合计花费365万。
2002年2月，非洲乞利马扎罗山，海拔5895米，登顶，合计花费240万。
2002年5月，北美洲麦金利峰，海拔6194米，登顶，合计花费235万。
2003年5月，珠穆朗玛峰，海拔8848米，登顶，合计花费360万。
2003年12月，南极最高峰文森峰，海拔5140米，登顶，合计花费205万。
2004年1月，南美最高峰阿空加瓜峰，海拔6964米，登顶，合计花费226万。
2004年7月，欧洲最高峰厄尔布鲁士峰，海拔5642米，登顶，365万。
2004年7月，澳洲最高峰科修斯科峰，海拔2228米，登顶，合计花费234万。
2005年4月，滑雪抵达北极点，合计花费282万。
2005年12月，顺利抵达南极点，合计花费355万。
2006年12月24日，印度尼西亚查亚峰，海拔5，030米，登顶，合计花费233万。时年55岁。
有人在网上留言：登珠峰的人主要有两种，一种是穷苦人家出生的向导，一种是当游戏或炫耀或挑战的有钱人。
可见不假。
但王石是做秀还是挑战，早就有人说得没劲说了。这也不是我的重点。我今天感兴趣的是王石的大脑有没有受伤？因为我今天无意中搜到一篇文章（原载于科学美国人），说是攀登高山会伤害大脑。
大意及原文如下：
西班牙的神经学专家给35名登山者作了脑部核磁共振扫描，其中12名职业登山者和23名业余登山者，有13人尝试过珠峰。他们发现, 不但13名珠峰攀登者几乎都有大脑损伤, 很多没爬那么多的也有，他们返回后都没有意识到他们的大脑已经受到了伤害。
没有人能对缺氧免疫，影响是严重的，可能是长期的。即使没有严重的高原病, 扫描仍能发现脑部受损。
13个攀登珠峰的登山者中，3个到达8848米的顶峰，3个到达8100米，7个到达6500－7500米。只有一个业余登山者有严重高原病，另外12个专业登山者没有明显高山病的迹象，但仅有一人脑部扫描正常，12个人脑皮层萎缩或是脑血管间隙扩大，健康年轻人不应该有VR space。
所有8名阿空加瓜山的攀登者在核磁共振扫描中都显示出大脑皮层萎缩，其中7人VR间隙膨胀，4个人大脑皮层下损伤。
大脑是否能从登山伤害中恢复? 研究人员在三年后重新检查了攀登者的脑部，他们此间没有再从事高海拔攀登，第二次扫描显示损害仍然明显。
研究者们发现，7名登上4810米海拔勃朗峰的攀登者中有2个人VR间隙膨胀。
和业余登山者相比，专业登山者总的说来，大脑皮层萎缩更严重。他们感觉更强壮但显示出更严重的大脑损伤。
每年有约5000人攀上喜马拉雅山的群峰，爬上阿尔卑斯山和安第斯山的还要多好几千。越来越明显，这些攀登者正在为这份荣耀付出一些比血汗钱更重要的东西：他们的脑组织。
Three attributes of a good mountaineer are high pain threshold, bad memory, and ... I forget the third.
—Joke in a mountaineering Internet chat room
好的登山家有三个特征：痛苦耐受力高，记性差，还有……我想不起第三个了。
---互联网上某登山运动聊天室里的笑话
Into Thin Air: Mountain Climbing Kills Brain Cells
The neural cost of high-altitude mountaineering
By R. Douglas Fields
In the late 1890s in a laboratory atop a 4,554-meter peak in the Monta Rosa range in the Italian Alps, physiologist Angelo Mosso made the first direct observations of the effects of high altitude on the human brain: by eye and with an apparatus he designed, Mosso peeked into the skull of a man whose brain had been partly exposed in an accident, observing changes in swelling and pulsation.
Now a similar experiment has been done with noninvasive brain imaging, and for those of us who love to climb the results are not elevating. Neurologist Nicolás Fayed and his colleagues in Zaragoza, Spain, performed MRI brain scans on 35 climbers (12 professionals and 23 amateurs) who had returned from high-altitude expeditions, including 13 who had attempted Everest. They found brain damage in virtually every Everest climber but also in many climbers of lesser peaks who returned unaware that they had injured their brain. It seems that climbers of high mountains, whether weekend warrior or seasoned professional, face returning from the high peaks with a brain that is not in the same condition it was in beforehand.
What Gives in a Climber's Brain?
Although a person’s tolerance to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) varies according to differences in innate physiology and physical conditioning, no one is immune. Those effects can be acute, affecting you only while you are at altitude, or—as the Fayed study found—they can be longer-lasting.
The first acute stage is called, naturally enough, acute mountain sickness. It can cause headache, insomnia, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. The next, more serious stage is high- altitude cerebral edema, also known as HACE, brain swelling that is potentially fatal.
Lack of oxygen can directly damage brain cells. In addition, the walls of blood capillaries begin to leak at high altitudes, and the leaked fluid can cause dangerous swelling, pressing the brain outward against the rigid skull. Sometimes the optic nerves swell so badly they bulge into the back of the eye, degrading vision and causing retinal hemorrhages. Meanwhile blood, concentrated from dehydration and thickened by increased numbers of red blood cells, clots more easily. This clotting, along with the hemorrhage from the thinned capillaries, can cause a stroke. A climber with HACE may experience amnesia, confusion, delusions, emotional disturbance, personality changes and loss of consciousness.
Severe cases of acute high-altitude disease have long been known to cause brain damage. But one of the sobering things about the Fayed study is that even when climbers showed no signs of acute sickness, the scans still found brain damage.
The results in the Everest climbers were the starkest. Of the 13 climbers, three had made the 8,848-meter summit, three had reached 8,100 meters, and seven had topped out between 6,500 and 7,500 meters. The expedition had no major mishaps, and none of the 12 professional climbers evinced any obvious signs of high-altitude illness; the only acute case of mountain sickness was a mild one in the expedition’s amateur climber. Yet only one of the 13 climbers (a professional) returned with a normal brain scan. All the scans of the other 12 showed cortical atrophy or enlargement of the Virchow-Robin (VR) spaces. These spaces surround the blood vessels that drain brain fluid and communicate with the lymph system; widening of these VR spaces is seen in the elderly but rarely in the young. The amateur climber’s brain had also suffered subcortical lesions in the frontal lobes.
How High Is Too High?
Of course, Everest is extreme. Fayed and his colleagues also studied an eight-person team that attempted Aconcagua, a 6,962-meter summit in the Argentine Andes. Two climbers reached the summit, five climbed to between 6,000 and 6,400 meters, and one reached 5,500 meters. Yet three members experienced acute mountain sickness, and two displayed symptoms of brain edema—probably because they ascended more rapidly from lower altitudes than the Everest climbers did.
All eight Aconcagua climbers showed cortical atrophy on MRI scans. Seven showed enlarged VR spaces, and four showed numerous subcortical lesions. Some needed no scan to tell them their brains had been injured. One climber suffered aphasia (problems with speech), from which he recovered six months later. Two complained of transient memory loss after returning, and three others struggled with bradypsychia (slowed mental function).
The body is remarkably resilient: Does the brain recover from these mountaineering wounds? To answer this question, the researchers reexamined the same climbers three years after the expedition, with no other high-altitude climbing intervening. In all cases, the damage was still apparent on the second set of scans.
Still, Aconcagua is one of the world’s highest mountains. Mont Blanc in the western Alps is less extreme. Its 4,810-meter summit is climbed every year by thousands of mountaineers who probably do not expect injury to their “second favorite organ,” to use Woody Allen’s nomenclature for the brain. Yet the researchers found that of seven climbers who reached Mont Blanc’s summit, two returned with enlarged VR spaces.
Because Why?
The study suggests that chronic exposure to high altitudes is not required to experience irreversible brain damage. In fact, amateurs seem to be at greater risk, because they are more likely to suffer acute mountain sickness or high-altitude cerebral edema. At the same time, the experience required to become well acclimated seems to take an ever increasing cumulative toll; compared with the amateurs, professional climbers in this study had greater cortical atrophy overall. They felt stronger but showed more brain damage.
Mountain climbing is growing in popularity—and with good reason. It can provide experiences of a lifetime; a communion with nature and with friends that feeds the soul; intense and enduring rewards surpassing those found within the bounds of routine; and adventure and challenge that build courage, stamina and fortitude. It also gets you into incomparable mountain wilderness—although that is vanishing. Many sense that the singular “it” residing in George Mallory's pithy raison d’ascent—“Because it's there!”—may soon be gone.
Some 5,000 climbers ascend Himalayan peaks every year. Thousands more climb peaks in the Alps and Andes. Many of these people spend liberally to mount expeditions or to be guided to the summit. But it is increasingly clear that these climbers are paying for the privilege with something more than hard-earned cash. They’re paying with brain tissue.
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