修辞手法(Rhetoric Techniques)系列之四十  Parallelism (排比)

Ⅰ. In Grammar

In grammar, parallelism, also known as parallel structure or parallel construction, is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure. The application of parallelism improves writing style and readability, and is thought to make sentences easier to process.

Parallelism is often achieved using antithesis, anaphora, asyndeton, climax, epistrophe, and symploce.

Examples

Compare the following examples:

•     Lacking parallelism: She likes cooking, jogging, and to read.

•     Parallel: She likes cooking, jogging, and reading.

•     Parallel: She likes to cook, jog, and read.

In the above example, the first sentence has two gerunds and one infinitive. To make it parallel, the sentence can be rewritten with three gerunds or three infinitives.

•     Lacking parallelism: The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and down the alley he sprinted.

•     Parallel: The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted down the alley.

Note that the first nonparallel example, while inelegantly worded, is grammatically correct: "cooking," "jogging," and "to read" are all grammatically valid conclusions to "She likes." The second nonparallel example is not grammatically correct: "down the alley he sprinted" is not a grammatically valid conclusion to "The dog."

•     Lacking parallelism: Mr. Killinger admires people with integrity and who have character.

•     Parallel: Mr. Killinger admires people 'with integrity and character."

•     Parallel: Mr. Killinger admires people 'who have integrity and character."

Ⅱ. In Rhetoric

In rhetoric, parallelism means giving two or more parts of the sentences a similar form so as to give the passage a definite pattern.

Parallelisms of various sorts are the chief rhetorical device of Biblical poetry  and in the poetry of many cultures around the world, particularly in oral traditions. Robert Lowth coined the term "parallelismus membrorum (parallelism of members, i.e. poetic lines) in his 1788 book, Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrew Nation. Roman Jakobson pioneered the secular study of parallelism in poetic-linguistic traditions around the world, including his own Russian tradition.

In addition, Chinese poetry uses parallelism in its first form. In a parallel couplet not only must the content, the parts of speech, the mythological and historico- geographical allusions, be all separately matched and balanced, but most of the tones must also be paired reciprocally. Even tones are conjoined with inflected ones, and vice versa.

Parallelisms in artistic speech are common in some languages of Mesoamerica, such as Nahuatl (Aztec). It has also been observed in a language of Indonesia (that Fox imprecisely referred to as "Rotinese") and Navajo. Other research has found parallelisms in the languages of the Ural-Altaic area (including Finnish-Karelian folk poetry and the epics and songs of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples) and Toda, suggesting wider distribution among Dravidian languages.

Parallelisms in proverbs are very common in languages around the world. In such a structure, the listener/hearer has to compare the parallel elements and deduce the point.

•     Wounds caused by knives will heal, wounds caused by words will not heal. (Mongolian proverb)

•     The truth has legs and ran away; the lie has no legs and must stay. (Yiddish proverb)

•     When there is food in the house, what matter if a guest arrives? When there is faith, what is death? (Pashto proverb)[9]

•     The cow which leaves first will be broken at the horn; the cow which remains in the back will be broken at the tail. (Alaaba proverb)

Examples

"We charge him with having broken his coronation-oath - and we are told that he kept his marriagg given up his people to the merciless inflictions of the most hard-hearted of prelates - and the defense is that he took his little son on his knee and kissed him. We censure him for having violated the Petition of Right - and we are informed that he was accustomed to hear prayers at six o'clock in the morning." (Macaulay)

“Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered).” (Julius Caesar)

"The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessing; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries." (Churchill)

"But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream." (Amos)

"What you see is what you get." English proverb