英语修辞格/Figures of Speech
(2013-03-10 10:01:36)
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分类: Writing |
所谓修辞是指依据题旨情境恰当地选择语言手段和表达方式,
Ⅰ.
词义修辞格(Lexical Rhetorical Devices)主要是指借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。大学英语中常见的词义修辞格有以下几种:
1.1
Simile
与汉语的明喻基本相同,是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系。常用来表示明喻的喻词有like, as, as if, as though等。如:
Learning is
like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop
back.
“How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare).
如
My love's
like a red, red rose.
The man
can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an
eel.
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
Childhood is
like a swiftly passing dream.
1.2
Metaphor
暗喻也是一种比喻,
And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.
(大学英语第二册,Unit 10, Profits of Praise)但是,尽管我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风,却不知何故不愿意给我们的同伴赞扬的阳光。(该句中,将criticism比喻成cold wind,将praise比喻成warm sunshine,但是未使用任何比喻词,因此为暗喻。)
He has a
heart of stone.
The world is
a stage.
“a sea of troubles”“忧愁之海”
“All the world's a stage”(Shakespeare)
“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)
1.3
Metonymy
转喻类似于汉语中的借代修辞,是通过相近的联想,
Most Harvard graduates have read Emerson, Thoreau and Huxley.大多数哈佛毕业生都读过爱默生、梭洛和赫胥黎(的作品)。
His purse
would not allow him that
luxury.
The mother
did her best to take care of the
cradle.
He succeeded
to the crown in 1848.
1.4
Personification
拟人是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写,
The night crawled slowly like a wounded snake, and sleep did not visit Rainsford.黑夜像受伤的蛇一样缓缓爬来,睡眠没有造访雷斯福特。(句中"night"和"sleep"通过只适用于动物和人的"crawl"和"visit"两个动词被拟人化。)
The waves
murmured, and the moon wept silver
tears.
Hunger sat
shivering on the road
Flowers danced about the lawn花儿在草地上翩翩起舞
My heart was
singing.
This time
fate was smiling to him.
The flowers
nodded to her while she
passed.
The wind
whistled through the trees.
1.5
Hyperbole
夸张是一种故意言过其实,或夸大或缩小事物的形象,借以突出事物的某种特征或品格的修辞格。如:
Most
Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn’s idyllic
cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer’s endless summer of
freedom and adventure.大多数美国人因知道哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事而记住了马克•吐温。(
eternal和endless都是夸张用语,
1.6
Euphemism
委婉语是用婉转、客气的说法来代替直截了当的话,把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。如:
His old
friend is sleeping here —but
forever.
用to
fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to
leave us
用senior citizens代替old people
用a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil
用weight watcher代替fat people
用mental
hospital
用emotionally disturbed代替mad
用washroom, men's / women's room代替lavatory
用handicapped代替crippled
用low
income brackets; underprivileged;
disadvantaged
1.7
Irony
反语就是说反话,即用反面的话来表达正面的意思。如:
On her birthday, the old lay merely received a check from her dear daughter, nothing more. What a lovely present!这位老妇人生日时只收到了她亲爱的女儿寄来的一张支票。这是多么好的礼物啊!(很明显这不是一个让人满意的礼物。)
1.8
Oxymoron
矛盾修辞是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起,以便相互映衬,突出事物的特点,表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。如:
sweet
sorrow
proud
humility
victorious
failure
Ⅱ.
结构修辞格(Syntactical Rhetorical Devices)是使用句子的特殊结构来加强语言效果的修辞手段。大学英语中常见的结构修辞格有以下几种:
2.1
Antithesis
把结构相同、意义相关、语气一致的两组词语或句子并列使用,称为对偶。如:Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人,成事在天。
“Hee for God only, shee for God in him”(John Milton)
“他只为上帝,她则为他心中的上帝”(约翰•米尔顿)
2.2
Parallelism
排比是指使用两个或两个以上结构相同或相似的句子或句子成分表达相近或相关内容的修辞方法,其特点在于句式整齐、节奏分明、语言简练、内容突出。如:
I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)我来到,我看见,我征服。(尤利乌斯•凯撒)
2.3 Rhetoric
Question
反问是用疑问的形式来表达确定的意思,不需要回答。如:If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (Shelly)冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(雪莱)
Ⅲ.
音韵修辞格(Phonetic Rhetorical Devices)是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。主要有以下两种:
3.1
Onomatopoeia
拟声是词模拟人及其他有生命或无生命物的声音。如:The
door banged shut.
3.2
Alliteration
头韵指重复出现首字母相同的单词,起到突出重点、加深印象、平衡节奏的作用。如:
His dedication, determination and discipline impressed us deeply.他的投入、执着和自律深深打动了我们。
proud as a peacock
blind as a bat
safe and sound
“on scrolls of silver snowy sentences”(Hart Crane)“写满银色雪般句子的卷轴上”(哈特•克兰)
Long and
loudly little Lily laughed.
The windows
waved violently in the wind.
The sun sank
slowly.