英文摘要类型及写作要点

①内容的完整性；
②数据跟文中/中文是否一致；
③内容可以不全跟中文一致，应比中文更详细；
④主谓一致：常识，但错误也不少见；时态：简单，但有时也很难掌握；
⑤语态：有讲究，但基本不限；
⑥人称：可一可三；
⑦词法：重点；
⑧语法：基本；
⑨句法：简明

1 摘要的类型

        综合起来，摘要有五种类型：

1．1评论性摘要(Critical abstract)

        不常用，可见于综述，内容上侧重于评价、论理，例如下面一条。

ABSTRACT: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a common disorder characterized by a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic urinary abnormalities to acute oliguric renal failure. Tubular dysfunction out of proportion to the degree of renal failure is an important clue to the diagnosis. This review describes its pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy, emphasizing the drug-induced form of ATIN. [Am J Med Sci, 1990, 299: 392-410]

1．2说明性摘要(Descriptive abstract) 又称指示性或通报性摘要(Indicative abstract)：说明文章的内容范围，只是简单地报道研究主题，泛泛而谈，不涉及具体内容。一般只一到三句话，多见于临床医学论文。下面是说明性摘要的两个例子。

Example 1

The survival rates of a series of patients with unstable angina treated surgically and medically are compared.

Example 2 Angiographically monitored clinical trials of antilipidemic therapy have demonstrated that the progression of atherosclerosis may be slowed or even reversed. The clinical benefit observed in these trials strengthens the rationale for aggressive therapy in patients with known atherosclerotic disease. Additionally，these trials have provided farther insight on the basis of clinical events and the risk factors associated with progression. Am J Cardiol, 1995, 76: 3A

1．3 资料性摘要(Informative abstract) 正好与说明性摘要相反，资料性摘要内容比较具体、丰富，可以按IMMRD (Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, Discussion) 格式写，且要写出关键性数据。这种摘要可以说是文章的微型化。

Example 1

Postoperative bleeding is usually attributed to stress ulcer； however， occult preoperative lesions could also be responsible (背景). To determine their frequency and nature, we prospectively examined 72 patients (目的) endoscopically prior to major elective operations. Entry criteria included a planned stay in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit, >2 days，and a negative history, physical examination, and stool guaiac (愈伤木脂，一种检便潜血试剂). Gastric and duodenal mucosae were scored separately, using a 0- to 7-point scale. Scores were graded negative (0), hyperemia (1), gastroduodenitis (2-5), mucosal erosions , and ulcers (7) (方法). Erosions or ulcers were found in 14% of patients and gastroduodenitis is an additional 10%. We found that none of the 27 risk factors or any combination of factors tested correlated with ulcers, erosoins, or gastroduodenitis (结果). Thus, patients with asymptomatic gastroduodenal erosions or ulcerations could not be identified preoperatively, except by endoscopy (结论). Until the significance of these lesions as cause of postoperative bleeding is determined, we recommended routine postoperative gastric pH titration with antacids for patients undergoing major elective operations (建议). J Med Microbiol，1993；38(1):39

1.4 资料-指示性摘要(Informative-indicative abstract) 融资料性和指示性摘要为一体，内容更完整。其实第三、四两种摘要没有严格区分，也没有作这种区分的必要性。第四种多一句概括性提示性语言。如：

        以上几种为传统摘要(Traditional abstract)，以后“两种”最为常见。

1.5 结构式摘要(Structured abstract) 这是近年来产生和发展起来的一种新型摘要。其优点是内容完整，从目的、设计到结果、结论，一应俱全；形式特别(有明确的标题)。层次清楚，一目了然，便于阅读时选择性查阅；提供了固定的格式，便于作者书写，免于费时构思，易于成文，也不致遗漏重要内容；另外，也利于计算机系统的贮存和检索。其缺点是文字多，占篇幅。

Example 1
OBJECTIVE--To define pitfalls of diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in children.
DESIGN--Case series.
SETTING--A university Lyme disease clinic in a Lyme disease endemic area.
PATIENTS--A total of 146 pediatric patients (mean age， 9.9 years) referred with possible Lyme disease.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Of the 146 patients, 56 (38%) were over diagnosed, 12 (8%) were under diagnosed， and 75 (51%) were correctly diagnosed with Lyme disease. Treatment errors were made for 19 (25%) of these 75 patients. In addition， three patients (2%) with tick bites were misdiagnosed or mistreated. Frequent pitfalls included misidentifying rashes as erythema migrans （游走性红斑，地图样舌）, ascribing nonspecific symptoms to Lyme disease, failing to ascribe fleeting objective symptoms to Lyme disease, and inappropriate antibiotic therapy for patients with Lyme disease.
CONCLUSION--Errors in the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in children are common.
Feder-HM Jr，Hunt-MS. JAMA，1995；274(1): 66-8

Example 2

BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism is a common condition that is frequently irreversible and requires lifelong thyroid replacement therapy.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence and factors that can predict reversibility of hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. METHODS: We studied 79 patients in whom Hashimoto's thyroiditis was diagnosed according to suggestive cytologic features and/or the presence of thyroid antibodies (antimicrosomal antibody titer, > or = 1:1600; antiglobulin antibody titer, > or = 1:400). All patients were initially hypothyroid (serum total thyroxine level, 83.5 +/- 28.6 nmol/L [6 +/- 2 micrograms/dL]; thyrotropin level, 24.7 +/- 28.3 mU/L). Levothyroxine sodium was then administered for 1 year to normalize results of thyroid blood tests. Thereafter, the treatment was stopped for 3 weeks and serum thyrotropin and total thyroxine concentrations were determined. RESULTS: After withdrawal of levothyroxine treatment, thyroid blood tests showed that the degree of hypothyroidism worsened in 20 patients, remained unchanged in 40, and improved in 19. Nine patients (11.4%) did show normalization of the thyroid blood tests. Before treatment, the presence of the following in a patient--of a goiter that is 35 g or larger, thyrotropin levels greater than 10 mU/L, and an anamnestic familial incidence of thyroid disease--was clearly associated with an increased incidence of recovery of normal thyroid function (relative risk, 5.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.8 to 10.7; P < .0002). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis is not always permanent. The presence of a larger goiter and high thyrotropin levels at the time of diagnosis, associated with a familial incidence of thyroid disease, may be related to an increased incidence of hypothyroidism remission. Arch Intern Med, 1995, 155(13):1404-8

Example 3

OBJECTIVE—To determine if susceptibility to Behcet's disease (BD) is associated with polymorphism of HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1, DQB1, and TAP1 and TAP2 genes.
METHODS —Fifty-eight Spanish BD patients and 116 ethnically matched unrelated healthy subjects were typed at the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 loci using polymerase chain reaction/sequence specific oligotyping (PCR/SSO). TAP1 and TAP2 alleles were assigned using amplification refractory mutation system-PCR.
RESULTS—TAP1C was absent in BD patients, but was found in 12.1% of control subjects (pcorr < 0.05; relative risk = 0.06). Additionally, a linkage disequilibrium between HLA-DQB1*0501 and TAP2B was observed in BD patients (delta = 0.095, pcorr < 0.02), but not in the control group (delta = －0.0031, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS —The complete absence of TAP1C alleles in BD patients may indicate that TAP1 polymorphism is not without some significance in the development of BD. Furthermore, the existence of a linkage disequilibrium between HLA-DQB1*0501 and TAP2B in our patients suggests that the gene conferring susceptibility for BD is inherited as an extended haplotype in the population studied.

        国内一般按以下四个项目叙述，如Sample 3。

①目的(Objective)：简要说明研究的目的和提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围和重要性.

②方法(Methods)：简要说明研究课题的基本设计，使用了什么材料和方法，如何分组对照，研究范围和精确程度，数据是如何取得的，经何种统计学方法处理。

③结果(Results)：简要列出研究的主要结果和数据，有什么新发现，说明其价值及局限性。并要给出说明结果的主要数据及置信值、统计学显著性检验的确切值。

④结论(Conclusion)：简要说明经验证、论证取得的正确观点及其理论价值或应用价值，是否可推荐或推广等。

        由以上三例可见，所列项目(小标题)是可以变化的。根据文章内容，研究对象可以是patients，subjects，也可以是participants 或 animals，甚至还可以增加或减少(或合并)某些项目。无论如何变，上述四项中的任何一项都是不可或缺的。