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焦虑

(2025-01-24 01:22:20)
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焦虑

医学

百科全书

翻译

分类: 翻译

ANXIETY, a state of emotional and physical disturbance induced in a person by a real or imagined threat. In psychiatry the term refers to disturbance caused by threats that are only apparent to the patient and cause him to behave in a way that is not relevant to the true situation. Many psychiatric schools define anxiety more narrowly, based on the theories of its cause.

焦虑,由真实或想象的威胁引起人的情绪和身体干扰的一种状态。在精神病学中,该术语是指因威胁引发的干扰,威胁只对患者显而易见,并导致他的行为与真实情况没有任何关联。许多精神病的学派根据其原因理论将焦虑定义的更狭隘。

Anxiety may arise in a specific situation that the person seeks to avoid. Such a state is called a phobia. More often, the person experiences a persistent feeling of dread and is said to suffer from free-floating anxiety. A phobia is often an exaggerated form of free-floating anxiety.

焦虑可能会在人寻求规避的特定情况下出现。这样的一种状态被称为恐惧。更多时候,人会经历一种持续的恐惧感,据说是患有自由浮动的焦虑症。恐惧通常是自由浮动焦虑的一种夸张形式。

Cause. Sigmund Freud developed the theory that anxiety arises when the memory of certain childhood experiences or emotions is so intolerable that it is repressed, or forced from the person’s consciousness. The memory is kept in his unconscious by defense reactions—attitudes that are developed to continue repressing the anxiety-provoking thought. According to Freud, the unconscious memory, along with the resulting defense reactions, forms a complex, which can only be unraveled by psychoanalysis.

原因。西格蒙德·弗洛伊德提出了一种理论,即当某些童年经历或情绪的记忆难以忍受,以至于被压抑或被迫脱离人的意识时,焦虑就会出现。记忆通过防御反应保留在他的无意识中这些态度是为不断抑制诱发焦虑的想法而发展起来的。根据弗洛伊德的观点,无意识的记忆以及由此产生的防御反应形成了情结,它只能通过精神分析来解开。

In contrast to Freud’s theory, the behaviorist’s theory states that anxiety is a learned reaction that develops when the emotion evoked by a frightening event is generalized, or attached to surrounding circumstances. Sometimes generalization includes remotely related circumstances. For example, a child bitten by a dog in a flower bed may thereafter be afraid of any flower bed.

与弗洛伊德的理论相反,行为主义者的理论认为,焦虑是一种习得的反应,即当一个可怕事件诱发的情绪被普遍化,或依附周围环境时就会出现这种情况。有时,广义化包括与环境轻微相关的情况。例如,儿童在花坛被狗咬了可能此后会害怕任何花坛。

Symptoms. One of the commonest emotional symptoms of anxiety is a feeling of constriction. The person may also feel far away from reality or other people, and he may become depressed, agitated, or unable to concentrate. Physiological symptoms include palpitations, pounding in the head, profuse sweating, and tightness of the chest. In addition, anxiety is almost always accompanied by increased muscle tension, which may cause headache, tiredness, over-breathing (hyperventilation), and various aches and pains.

症状。焦虑最常见的情绪症状之一是一种压缩感。人还可能觉得远离了现实或其他人,并且他可能变得抑郁、焦虑不安或无法集中注意力。生理学的症状包括心悸、多汗以及胸闷。此外,焦虑几乎总是伴随着增加的肌肉紧张,这可能会引起头痛、疲倦、过度呼吸(换气过度),以及各种疼痛。

Treatment. Anxiety may be cured spontaneously or by a change in the person’s life circumstances. (It may be temporarily allayed by the excessive consumption of food, cigarettes, or alcohol.) psychiatrists treat anxiety by physical or chemical means, such as tranquilizers or muscular relaxation or through one of the many forms of psychotherapy.

治疗。焦虑可以自发地或通过人的生活环境的改变而自愈。(它可能会因过量消耗食物、香烟或酒精暂时缓解)。精神科医师通过物理或化学的手段来治疗焦虑,比如镇定剂或肌肉放松,或者通过多种形式中的一种心理疗法。

                                    HANNAH FRENCH, M. D.

                                     汉娜·弗兰奇,医学博士

                                      2025123日译

(译者注:该词条位例《大美百科全书》1985年版,第2卷,第85)

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