HAMANN, Johann Georg (1730—1788), German religious thinker and literary critic. Hamann was born in Konigsberg, East Prussian, on Aug. 27, 1730. He had little formal education but was influenced by Pietism and rationalism in Konigsberg. While working in London (1757—1758) he had a religious awakening, based on trust and a personal relationship with the “Lord of the Word and history.” As a result, he declared that “All biblical history is a prophecy which is fulfilled in every century and in the soul of man.”

约翰·格奥尔格·哈曼（1730年至1788年），德国宗教思想家与文学评论家。1730年8月27日，哈曼生于东普鲁士的哥尼斯堡。他很少受到正规的教育，但在哥尼斯堡却受到了虔信主义和理性主义的影响。当在伦敦工作期间（1757年至1758年），基于对“圣言之主与历史”的信任和个人关系，他产生了一种宗教觉醒。因此，他宣称“所有有关圣经的历史都是每个世纪和人类灵魂中实现了的预言”。

Returning to Konigsberg, Hamman refused to be won back to Enlightenment ideas but adopted religious and literary personalism (that is, basic respect for personal belief and style). He held posts in the local tax office and then the customhouse (1767—1787), and also entered into a lifelong common-law marriage. Hammann died at Munster, Westphalia, on June 21, 1788.

返回哥尼斯堡，哈曼拒绝了启蒙运动的观念，但接受了宗教和文学的人格主义（换言之，对个人信仰与风格的基本尊重）。他先后在当地税务机关和海关任职（1767年至1787），还步入了终身的习惯法婚姻。1788年6月21日，哈曼在威斯特法利亚的明斯特去世。

In his Metacritique of the Purism of reason（1784），Hamann attacked the Enlightenment and Kant for emptying reason of tradition and history, sense experience, and language itself. In his Socratic Memorabilia (1759), he hailed Socrates and Hume for defending irony, belief, and personal pursuit of truth. Hamann viewed reality as a sacrament of God, and language as our entry into the meaning of life and history.

在他的《理性纯粹主义的元批判》（1784年）中，为清空传统和历史、感官经验和语言自身的理性，哈曼抨击了启蒙运动和康德。在他的《苏格拉底的回忆》（1759年）中，他赞扬了苏格拉底和休谟捍卫反讽、信仰，以及个人对真理的追求。哈曼将真实视为上帝的圣礼，而将语言视为我们进入生命和历史意义的入口。

Hailed for his religious sensitivity as the “Wise Man in the North,” Hamann ironically dubbed himself the “Worm of the North” and the “most Christian Eulenspiegel.” He influenced the Sturm und Drang (“Storm and Stress”) movement in German literature.

因其宗教的敏感性被赞誉为“北方的智者”，具有讽刺意味的是，哈曼将自己称为“北方之虫”和“最为基督教化的奥伊伦斯皮格尔”。他影响了德国文学的Sturm und Drang（“狂飙突进”）运动。

                        JAMES COLLINS, St. Louis University

                          詹姆斯·柯林斯，圣路易斯大学

                                          2024年4月27日译

（译者注：该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版，第13卷，第733页）