CONCRETE, in philosophy, refers to a particular thing exactly as it is, without analysis, abstraction, or any other mental operation. It is contrasted with abstract, which refers to an isolated quality shared by a general class of things. The term is used by such anti-positivistic and Hegelian philosophers as Bergson and Croce, who distinguish between an intuited (or immediately apprehended) object, which is concrete, and a conceptualized object, which is abstract. According to these philosophers, for an object to be correctly (concretely) understood, it must be grasped on its own terms through intuition. A conceptualized (abstract) object is necessarily distorted because it is understood in terms other than itself—that is, in terms of concepts.

具体的，在哲学中是指不借助分析、抽象，或其它任何精神活动的一种本来样子的特定事物。它与抽象相对照，抽象是指一般事物所共有的孤立特征。反实证主义的和黑格尔学派的哲学家柏格森和克罗斯使用过这个术语，他们对直观的（或立即领会的）具体对象与概念化的抽象对象进行了区别。根据这些哲学家的观点，要正确地理解一个对象，就必须通过直觉感知把握其自身的那些术语。一个概念化的（抽象的）对象必然会被扭曲，因为它不是用其本身的术语来理解的---换言之，它是用概念理解的。

                                                      JOHN P. DREHER

                                            Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis.

                                                     约翰·P. 德雷赫

                                             劳伦斯大学，阿普尔顿，威斯康星

                                                        2022年26日译

（该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版，第7卷，第516页）