补充说明

由于先译的《大美百科全书》中“百科全书”词条未收入中国百科全书的内容，为使该条目的内容更加完整，译者将《大英百科全书》同名词条中的“东方的百科全书”之中国部分译出，供读者参考阅读。

该词条不长，但有一定的难度。问题在于你是否能读懂天书般的“韦氏拼法”对应的那些中国古典类书的书名。不信？你可以试试，先看原文，再对照译文，看看你能认出几部书名来。 

                                                    2021年6月21日

ENCYCLOPAEDIAS IN THE EAST

China.  The contribution from the East to the history of encyclopaedias is distinctive and covers a longer period than that of the West. The Chinese have produced encyclopaedias for approximately 2,000 years, but traditionally they differ from the modern Western encyclopaeda in that they are mainly anthologies of significant literature with some elements of the dictionary. Compiled by scholars of eminence, they have been revised rather than replaced over hundreds of years. In the main, they followed a classified form of arrangement; very often their chief use was to aid candidates for the civil service. The first known Chinese encyclopaedia, the Huang-lan (“Emperor’s Mirror”), was prepared by order of the emperor in about AD 220. No part of this work has survived. Part of the Pien-chu (“Stringed Pearls of Literature”), prepared around 600, is still extant. About 620 the I-wen lei-chu (“Anthology of Art and Literature”) was prepare by Ou-yang Hsun (557—641) in 100 chapters divided into 47 sections. The Pei-t’ang shu-ch’ao (“Extracts for Books”) of Yu Shih-nan (558—638) was more substantial and paid particular attention to details of the organization of public administration. An annotated edition, edited by K’ung Kuang-t’ao, was published in 1880.

东方的百科全书

中国  东方对百科全书史的贡献是很有特色的，而且比西方涵盖的时期还要长。中国人编撰百科全书大约已有2000的历史，但在传统上，它们与现代西方百科全书有所不同，因为它们主要是带有一些字典元素的重要文献选集。由著名的学者编撰，几百年来它们进行不断地修订，但没有替换。大体上，它们遵循了一种分类排列的编排方式；通常它们的主要用途是为选拔官员。第一部知名的中国百科全书《皇览》（“Emperor’s Mirror”），大约是在公元220年奉旨编辑的。这部作品未能保留下来。大约在600年编辑的部分《编珠》（“Stringed Pearls of Literature”）保留至今。大约在620年，由欧阳洵（557年至641年）编辑的《艺文类聚》（“Anthology of Art and Literature”）共100章，分47节。虞世南（558年至638年）的《北堂书钞》（“Extracts for Books”）内容更为丰富，而且特别注重公共行政组织的细节。1880年出版了孔广陶编辑的一部带注释的刻本。

   The Ch’u-hsueh chi (“Entry into Learning”) was a modest work compiled about 700 by Hsu Chien (659—729) and his colleagues. A more important book was the T’ung-tien (“Comprehensive Statutes”) compiled by Tu Yu (735—812), a writer on government and economics. Completed in about 801, it contained nine sections: economics, examinations and degrees, government, rites and ceremonies, music, the army, law, political geography, national defense. In 1273 it was supplemented by Ma Tuan-lin’s enormous and highly regarded Wen hsien t’ung k’ao (“General Study of the Literary Remains”), which included a good bibliography, Supplements to this work were published in the 17^th, 18^th, and 20^th centuries. Under the order of the second Sung emperor, Sung T’ai Tsung, the statesman Li Fang organized the compilation of the vast T’ai-p’ing yu-lan (“Emperor’s Mirror”), which included extracts from many works of literary and scientific standing that are no longer extant. In 1568—72 the T’ai-p’ing yu-lan was revised and reprinted from movable type; a new edition revised by Yuan Yuan appeared in 1812. The Ts’e-fu yuan-kuei (c.1013), particularly strong in historical and biographical subjects, was almost as large as the T’ai-p’ing yu-lan.

    《初学记》（“Entry into Learning”）是徐坚（659年至729年）和他的同事在大约700年编著的一部适度的著作。一部更重要的书籍是由杜佑（735年至812年），一位政府和经济方面作者编辑的《通典》（“Comprehensive Statutes”）。大约在801年完成，它包括九个部分：经济、考试和职位、政府、礼仪、音乐、军事、法律、政治地理、国防。1273年由马端临增补了规模巨大，备受推崇的《文献通考》（“General Study of the Literary Remains”）。它包括一部出色的文献书目，补充部分出版于十七、十八和二十世纪。遵照宋朝第二任皇帝宋太宗的旨意，政治家李昉组织编撰了浩瀚的《太平御览》（“Emperor’s Mirror”），其中包括从许多文学和科学著作中的摘录，那些作品现已失传。1568年至1572年，《太平御览》被修订并用活字印刷重印；1812年，Yuan Yuan修订的新版出版。《册府元龟》（大约1013年），尤其擅长历史和文献书目的内容，几乎与《太平御览》一样广博。

   The historian Cheng Ch’iao (1108-68) compiled the Tung chih (“General Treatises”), an original work with a strong personal contribution; the printed edition (1747) was in 118 volumes. One of the richest and most important of all Chinese encyclopaedias, the Yu-hai (“Sea of Jade”), was compiled about 1267 by the renowned Sung scholar Wang Ying-lin (1223-92) and was reprinted in 240 volumes in 1738.

    历史学家郑樵（1108年至1168年）编辑了《通志》（“General Treatises”），一部带有强烈个人贡献的原著；印刷版（1747年）共118卷。 《玉海》（“Sea of Jade”）， 一部最丰富，最重要的中国百科全书，大约于1267年由著名南宋学者王应麟（1223年至1292年）编辑，并于1738年重印，共240卷。

   What was probably the largest encyclopaedia ever compiled, the Yung-lo ta-tien (“Great Handbook”), was issued at the beginning of the 15^th century. Unfortunately, only a very small part of its 22,937 chapters has survived; these were published in 1963. A number of small encyclopaedias were issued in the 16^th century, but the next important event was the publication of the small but profusely illustrated San ts’ai t’u-hui (1607), compiled by Wang Ch’I and his son Wang Ssu-i. In 1704—11 the Chinese literary encyclopaedia P’ei-wen yun-fu was compiled by order of the emperor K’ang-hsi; this was supplemented by the Yun fu shi I (1720). Other works ordered by the emperor include the Pien-tzu lei-pien (1726) and the Tzu shih ching hua (1727).In 1726 the hugeKu-chin t’u-shu chi-cheng (“Collection of Pictures and Writings”) was published by order of the emperor. Edited by the scholar Chien Meng-lei, it filled over 750,000 pages and attempted to embody the whole of the Chinese cultural heritage.

    《永乐大典》（“Great Handbook”）可能是有史以来所编辑的最大的百科全书，于十五世纪初发行。不幸地是，22937章中只有极少的部分幸存了下来；1963年出版了幸存的部分章节。在十六世纪还发行了许多小型百科全书，但接下来的重要事件是由王圻和他儿子王思义编辑的小型但有丰富插图的出版物《三才图会》（1607年）。1704年至1711年，奉康熙皇帝旨意编辑了中国文学百科全书《佩文韵府》；通过《韵府拾遗》（1720年）对《佩文韵府》进行了增补。皇帝钦点的其它作品包括《骈字类编》和《子史精华》（1727年）。1726年由皇帝下旨出版了巨著《古今图书集成》（“Collection of Pictures and Writings”）。由学者陈梦雷编辑，全书超过750000页，试图体现整个中华文化的遗产。

   At the turn of the century, a number of encyclopaedias were issued. Wang Chi’s Shih wu yuan hui, which covered well over 2,000 topics, was compiled in 1796. Lu Feng-tso’s Hsiao chih lu (1804) is particularly valuable for its attention to technical terms, which previous work had ignored. Ch’en Wei’s Ching chuan II (1804) concentrated on history and the great Chinese classics, whereas Wang Ch’eng-lieh’s Ch’I ming chi shu (1806) is stronger in biographical material. Tai chao-ch’un compiled the Ssu shu wu ching lei tien chi ch’eng (1887), a historical work for the use of civil-service candidates. Wei Sung’s I shih chi shih (1888) had actually been compiled 65 years previously, but it paid far more attention to practical matters. The Chiu t’ung T’ung (1902) of Liu K’o-I was in large measure a reassembly of material in the older encyclopaedias in a more efficient classification. A more important work of the period is the largely historical and biographical Erh shi ssu chiu t’ung cheng tien lei yao ho pien (1902). The Ch’ing ch’ao hsu wen hsien t’ung k’ao (1905), compiled by Liu chin Tsao, was revised and enlarged in 400 volumes in 1921. It includes contemporary material on fiscal, administrative, and industrial affairs and gives some attention to technical matters. Lu Erh-k’uei’s Tz’u-yuan (1915), with a supplement issued in 1931, was the first really modern Chinese encyclopaedia and set the style for nearly all later work of this nature.

在世纪之交，出版了许多百科全书。王汲的《事物原会》包括了2000多个选题，于1796年编辑。陆凤藻的《小知录》对技术术语的关注最有价值，这在之前的作品中是被忽视的。陈炜的《经传绎义》（1804年）专注于历史和重要的中国经典，而王承烈的《齐名记数》（1806年）在纪传体材料方面更强。戴兆春编辑的《四书五经类典集成》（1887年），是一部任用官员候选人的历史著作。魏菘的《壹事记始》（1888年）实际上是在65年前编辑的，但它更加注重实际的事务。刘可毅的《九通通》在很大程度上是对旧百科全书资料进行了大幅的重组，以达到更有效的分类。这一时期更重要的一部作品主要是历史和传记方面的《二十四史九通政典类要合编》（1902年）。刘锦藻编辑的《清朝续文献通考》（1905年），于1921年修订和增补，共400卷。它包括有关财政、行政和工业事务的当代材料，并对科技事务有所关注。1931年增补发行的陆尔奎的《辞源》（1915年）是第一部真正意义上的现代百科全书，并为后来几乎所有的这类著作奠定了风格。

                                             2021年6月21日译

（译者注：该词条“东方的百科全书之中国”部分位列《大英百科全书》1984年版，第6卷，第797页至798页）