本题是2010年下半年学位英语教材第23单元的课后阅读理解2。

本题是2008年下半年学位英语教材第23单元的课后阅读理解2。

本题是2009年下半年学位英语教材第23单元的课后阅读理解2。

本题是2010年上半年学位英语教材第23单元的课后阅读理解2。

Though salivation (分泌唾液) is natural, Pavlov noticed that a dog would salivate not just when it was eating, but also when it saw the man who usually fed it. In Pavlov's early experiments he simply showed the dog some bread, enough to make the dog salivate. We cannot call this a natural reflex because a dog does not normally salivate at the sight of man. It is what psychologists call a ' conditioned response'(条件反射反应). The dog has been taught, or ' conditioned', to salivate when he sees the man.
Having decided to study this, Pavlov developed scientific methods for doing so. In order to make sure the experimenter did not disturb the dog and experimenter were put in separate rooms. Pavlov even put the dog in a kind of frame to make it stand still. He invented a system of tubes for giving the dog food, and watched what happened from outside the room. He found that he could condition the dog to salivate at almost any event - when a bell rang or a light flashed, for example - as long as this event was followed by food.
The American psychologist Skineer developed this idea of conditioning. He could condition animals to do quite complicated things by using a technique he called 'shaping'. He could teach pigeons, for example, to play table tennis. At first he gave them a reward for knocking the ball a short distance in the right direction. Slowly he increased the distance they must knock the ball before getting the reward, and eventually they received it only when they knocked the ball past their opponent (对手).
1. Which of the following is not the experimenters' aim
A. To make sure the experimenter did not disturb the dog.
B. To invent a system of tubes.
C. To condition the dog to salivate at almost any event.
D. To teach pigeons to knock the ball in the right direction.
2 . In order to make the dog salivate, Pavolv did ____.
A. ring the bell B. give the dog food
C. beat the dog D. all of the above

3. During experiments, Skinner ______.
A. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball into the hole
B. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball in opposite direction
C. decreased the distance because pigeons must knock the ball
D. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball past their 'opponent'
4 An example of a 'conditioned response' is that _____.
A. a dog s mouth waters when it is eating
B. a dog is conditioned to salivate when he sees the man
C. a dog is trained by an experimenter
D. a dog is taught how to drink water
5 The underlined word "psychologist" means _____.
A. 心理学家 B.生理学家 C.物理学家 D.动物学家

He found that he could condition the dog to salivate at almost any event—when a bell rang or a light flashed, for example—as long as event was followed by food.

他发现只要接下来给狗食物，几乎任何像摇铃、闪光这样的活动都可以让狗分泌唾液。

1.Which of the following is NOT the experiments’ aim?

B .To invent a system of tubes.

2.In order to make the dog salivate Pavlov did

D .all of the above

3.During experiments, Skinner      

D .gave pigons a reward for knocking the ball past their “opponent”

4.An example of a “conditioned response” is that

B .a dog is conditioned to salivate when he sees a certain event that is followed by food

5.Pavlov made great contributions to A .psychology.

【翻译】

 尽管分泌唾液是很自然的一件事，但是巴甫洛夫发现，狗不但在吃东西时分泌唾液。在它看见喂他吃东西的人时，也会分泌唾液。巴甫洛夫在他早期实验中，他先拿一些面包让狗看，然后再喂给狗吃，他发现一会狗看到他时也会分泌唾液。我们不能称之为自然反应，因为狗不会无缘无故的看到人就分泌唾液，在心理学上，我们称之为“条件反射”，在一定的条件下，狗看到人就会分泌唾液。

   巴甫洛夫决定用科学的方法来研究这种现象，为了确保狗不会受到实验者的干扰，巴甫洛夫把狗和实验者分别安排在不同的房间里。巴甫洛夫为了让狗保持安静，她把狗固定在一个架子上，然后把放在试管里的不同食物，喂给狗。他在房间外面观察狗的反应，他发现只要接下来给狗食物，几乎任何像摇铃，闪光这样的活动都可以让狗分泌唾液。

   美国心理学家Skinner的实验发展成条件理论，他可以用这种理论训练动物许多事情。例如，他教鸽子把乒乓球打对了方向，哪怕只是一小段的距离，他也会给鸽子奖励。然后，他开始慢慢增加距离，鸽子如果想得到奖励，就得打得远一些。最后，只有鸽子打过对手了才能得到奖励。

10年下半年学位英语教程目录见 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_56573c7e0100lp6n.html

09年下半年学位英语教程目录见 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_56573c7e0100fgmj.html

10年上半年学位英语教程目录见 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_56573c7e0100iap0.html 

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