二、定语

取决于主谓与动宾关系（单个分词在修饰语前，反之在后）

不定式、现在分词及过去分词作定语可以从两个方面来区分，时间和语态， to do表示将来、主动, doing表示现在、主动，done表示过去（完成）、被动。有时过去分词只表示完成不表示被动，如fallen leaves, risen sun,

不定式做定语放在被修饰词的后面，如果不定式动词是不及物动介词不能省略；如果不定式动作所修饰的词是不定式动作的处所工具也要加上介词; 但如果被修饰名词为time place或way时可以省略介词。

 

 

注意１：分词的完成时不可作定语  
注意２：在message　letter　sign　news　notice等词后要用现在分词作定语　不用过去分词　这是考试的易错点  
注意３：某些现在分词作定语时　已不再表示动作　已经从分词变为了形容词词性　eg. an interesting story　　an exciting match　这些也可以属于现在分词作定语　但是不能转化为相应的定语从句　但是可以有三级变化（原级　比较级　最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰

 

 

 

三、宾补

⒈不定式作宾补
    1.1常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive（强迫），encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like(love, hate ),order, permit,  persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。如：
    ①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?
    ②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.
    1.2部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe, consider, discover, find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, see(=understand),understand等。
    ①We all believe John(to be)honest.
    ②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.
    但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have been foolish.
    1.3感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。
    ①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.
    ②They make the students do too much homework every day.
    这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：The students are made to do too much homework every day.
    1.4help, know后面的"to"可有可无。如：
    Would you please help me(to) fill in the tax form?  
    I've never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.
    1.5部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：
    You may depend on them to be there early.
    The Party calls on us to increase production and practice  economy.
    常这样用的短语动词有：ask for, care for,  call on, count on ,depend on, wait for, long for（渴望）， prepare for, wish for等。

1.6作主语补足语
    不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
    ①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
    ②The young university student is considered to have great promise.

2、过去分词作宾补

2.1过去分词用在感观动词watch, notice, see, hear, listen to ,feel, find等后面。如
When we got to school, we saw the door locked.
We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.
He felt himself cheated.
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.(NMET2000)
  2.2使役动词 have, get, make, leave, keep 等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：
Have you got your films developed?

少数不及物动词如 go, change, fall 等的过去分词作宾语补足语时，仅表示动作完成。seat, hide, dress，表示状态。因此，宾语与过去分词之间不存在逻辑上的被动关系。例如：
  She found her necklace gone on her way home.

When I came in, I found a strange girl seated in the corner.

2.3过去分词（现在分词）用在want, wish, like ,expect， order等表示“希望，愿望”这一类动词后面做宾补。如（现在分词也可以）
The boss wouldn't like the problem discussed at the moment.
I would like my house painted white.
I want the suit made to his own measure.
I wish the problem settled.
The father wants his daughter taught the piano.
这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。

2.4过去分词在keep, leave后面，表状态
Eg:They kept the door locked for a long time.
Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.(谚语：少说多看）
Don't leave such an important thing undone.
Don't leave the windows broken like this all the time.
  2.5过分词用在get, have, make, 的后面。
1.注意“have +宾语+过去分词”的两种情况：
A）表"让某人做某事/让某事（被人）做"
eg: I have had my bike repaired.
The villagers had many trees planted just then.
B)表"遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击/受....影响，蒙受..... 损失"
Eg:I had my wallet stolen on a bus last month.
The old man had his leg broken in the accident.
He had his leg broken in the match yesterday.(MET1986)
2. make+宾语+过去分词-过去分词必须表示结果含义。如：
They managed to make themselves understood in very simple English.
I raised my voice to make myself heard.

  2.6 “with +宾语＋宾补”，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。如：
The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.
With many brightly-coloured flowers planted around the building ,his house looks like a beautiful garden.
With everything well arranged,he left the office.

3、现在分词作宾补

宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上是主动关系，并不是所有的动词都可以跟宾语加现在分词作宾语补足语。掌握现在分词作宾语补足语的结构要注意下面的五点。

3.1感官动词+宾语+现在分词，现在分词做宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。

feel，find，hear，notice，observe，see，watch listen to look at等。

例如：He saw her working in the garden.他看见她正在花园里干活。

分析：“He”在句子中做主语，“saw”作谓语，“her”作宾语，划线部分在句子中作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子，working in the garden宾语补足语。

I heard a bell ringing.我听见铃在响。

I could feel the wind blowing on my face.我能感觉到风吹着我的脸。

Sometimes she would listen to him playing the saxophone.有时她会听他吹奏萨克斯管。

She looked at him waiting there.她瞧着他等在那里。

3.2使役动词+宾语+现在分词，现在分词在句子中作宾语补足语。get，have，keep，leave，send，set

例如：His question has set me thinking.他的问题让我深思。

分析：“His question”在句子中做主语，“has set”作谓语，“me”作宾语，划线部分在句子中作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子，thinking做宾语补足语。

The arrival of the police sent the robbers running away quickly.警察的到来使强盗们四处逃窜。

The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.农忙时，农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。

The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest.休息片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。

3.3上述两种结构可变为被动形式。例如：

He was found lying on the floor.有人发现他躺在地上。

分析：“He”在句子中做主语，“was found”作谓语，使用了被动语态，lying on the floor做宾语补足语。请看下面的句子，划线部分在句子中作宾语补足语。

He was seen sitting in a café.有人看见他坐在一家咖啡馆里。

The papers were left lying around.文件散落了一地。

另外，表示情感的动词imagine（想象）, (not)want （希望，想）等也可用现在分词作宾补。如：

Can you imagine him becoming famous as an actor?

I don’t want you arriving late. 我希望你不要再迟到。

注意：在with+宾语+v-ing的复合结构中

该结构中，现在分词和with的宾语之间是主谓关系，而且表示动作正在进行。如：

With the old man leading the way, the soldier can easily find the old house in the forest.

由于老人的带路，这些士兵可以容易地找到森林里的那座老房子

 

3.4现在分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别。

feel，find，hear，notice，observe，see，watch等感官动词，既可以跟现在分词也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。现在分词作句子中的宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行；不带to的不定式作句子中的宾语补足语，表示动作的完成。试比较下面句子：

He saw her working in the garden.(She was working in the garden.)他看见她在花园里干活。

He saw her enter the room.(She entered the room.)他看见她走进屋子。

使役动词get，have既可以跟现在分词也可以跟不定式作宾语补足语。get sb to do/have sb do sth表示“使/让/叫某人去做某事”，侧重动作的结果；have sb/sth doing表示“使/让某人/物持续地做某事”，侧重动作的持续；get sb/sth doing表示“使某人/物开始行动起来”，侧重动作的开始。试比较下面的句子：

Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.母亲让我到商店买一些盐。

I can‘t get him to stop smoking.He won’t listen to me.我不能使他戒烟。他不听我的话。

The mother had the boy cleaning the room the whole afternoon.(母亲让这个男孩整个下午清理房间。)

I can‘t get the car starting.(我不能把车发动起来。)

3.5现在分词有时用被动形式作宾语补足语，其结构为“动词+宾语+being done…”。例如：

I saw him being carried away on a stretcher.我看见他被人用担架抬走。

分析：“I”在句子中做主语，“saw”作谓语，“him”作宾语，划线部分在句子中作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子，划线部分在句子中作宾语补足语。

One could hear all kinds of things being discussed there.你可以听到那里在谈论的问题五花八门，无所不有。

高中范围内，适用于“动词+宾语+being done…”的结构，现在分词作宾语补足语常用的动词有：feel，find，hear，notice，see，watch等

bring sb. doing sth.引起某人做某事

catch sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事

discover sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事            

feel sb. doing sth. 感觉某人做某事

find sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事       

get sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事

have sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事                              

hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人做某事

keep sb. doing sth. 使某人不停地做某事            

listen to sb. doing sth. 听某人做某事

look at sb. doing sth. 看着某人做某事                     

notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人做某事

observe sb. doing sth. 观察某人做某事            

prevent sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事

see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事                     

send sb. doing sth.使某人（突然）做某事

set sb. doing sth. 使（引起）某人做某事            

start sb. doing sth. 使某人开始做某事

stop sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事                     

watch sb. doing sth. 观五、接动词原形作宾补的11个常用动词

feel sb. do sth. 感觉某人做某事                               

have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事

hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事                              

let sb. do sth.让某人做某事

listen to sb. do sth. 听着某人做某事                     

look at sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事

make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事                              

notice sb. do sth. 注意某人做某事

observe sb. do sth. 观察某人做某事                     

see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事

watch sb. do sth. 观察某人做某事

 

4、过去分词、现在分词、和不定式作宾补的区别。
现在分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是主谓关系。其动作与谓语动作同时进行。
过去分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是动宾关系。其动作先于谓语动作。
不定式作宾补：　表一个完成的动作、或表一个很短时间内看到、听到或感觉到的具体动作。
eg: He didn't notice me waiting.
I heard the song sung in English.
I saw him opening the window.
I saw the window opened.
I saw him open the window.
I heard her sing the song in English.