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第24章《生产与增长》

(2008-09-24 15:33:20)
标签:

杂谈

分类: 《经济学原理》习题选答

复习题:

1. What does the level of a nation’s GDP measure? What does the growth rate of GDP measure? Would you rather live in a nation with a high level of GDP and a low growth rate, or in a nation with a low level and a high growth rate? 一国的GDP水平衡量什么?GDP增长率衡量什么?你愿意生活在一个高GDP,低GDP增长率国家,还是低GDP,高GDP增长率国家?

答:一国经济总收入或总支出。GDP反映一个经济的繁荣水平,而GDP增长率反映一个经济的发展快慢。

    当然是愿意生活在GDP水平高的国家。那怕GDP增长率慢些。


2. List and describe four determinants of productivity生产率.

答:实物资本,包括设备厂房等。

    人力资本,包括劳动者通过教育、培训和工作经验得到的知识和技能。

    自然资源,自然界提供的用于生产的投入。

    科学技术,社会对生产方法的掌握和理解。


3. In what way is a college degree a form of capital? 大学学位是哪种形式资本?

答:人力资本。教育提高了人的生产率。


4. Explain how higher saving leads to a higher standard of living. What might deter a policymaker from trying to raise the rate of saving? 解释为何高储蓄导致高生活水平?什么情况下,政策制定者会阻止高储蓄发生?

答: 高储蓄意味着较少资源用于消费而较多资源用于制作实物资本。资本存量增加导致生产能力提高GDP增长更快。从长期看,高储蓄导致生活水平提高。高储蓄抑制了现期消费,而且需要较长时间才能提高生活水平。


5. Does a higher rate of saving lead to higher growth temporarily or indefinitely? 高储蓄率引起暂时高增长还是永久高增长?

答:高储蓄能带来暂时高增长,而不是永久高增长。短期看,储蓄增加引起大的资本存量和快速增长。但是资本的收益递减最终会使增速回落或回到初始状态,尽管这个过程可能需要几十年。


6. Why would removing a trade restriction, such as a tariff, lead to more rapid economic growth?

答:消除贸易壁垒作用类似于技术进步。


7. How does the rate of population growth influence the level of GDP per person?

答:人口增长率越过,人均GDP越低。因为人均资本拥有量少,生产率就低。


8. Describe two ways in which the U.S. government tries to encourage advances in technological knowledge.

答:通过国家科学基金和国家健康学院资助研究。对致力于研发的企业减税。专利保护。

 

应用题:

 

1. Most countries, including the United States, import substantial amounts of goods and services from other countries. Yet the chapter says that a nation can enjoy a high standard of living only if it can produce a large quantity of goods and services itself. Can you reconcile these two facts?

答: 国际贸易的前提,是本国必须生产出足够多的产品,否则,就谈不上加强国际贸易。通过国际贸易,强化了福利增加。


2. List the capital inputs necessary to produce each of the following:
a. cars

答: 需要实物资本,如工厂,机器人,装配线,同时还需要受到培训工人的人力资本。
b. high school educations

答:为了生产教育,需要投入的资本有,课本,教学楼等实物资本,还需要老师的人力资本。
c. plane travel

答:实物资本包括飞机、机场,同时需要飞行员这样的人力资本。
d. fruits and vegetables

答:需要灌溉系统,收割机,从农场到市场的运输设备等实物资本,还需要农业知识的人力资本。

 

3. U.S. income per person today is roughly eight times what it was a century ago. Many other countries have also experienced significant growth over that period.
What are some specific ways in which your standard of living differs from that of your great-grandparents?

答:今天我们的生活我们的祖父母时代,因为我们改善了交通、通信、娱乐、家用电器,电脑。


4. The chapter discusses how employment has declined relative to output in the farm sector. Can you think of another sector of the economy where the same
phenomenon has occurred more recently? Would you consider the change in employment in this sector to represent a success or a failure from the standpoint of society as a whole?

答:在制造业,雇员总数大量减少,但是制造业所占的GDP百分比并没有改变。这对于我们的社会是好事,这是劳动生产率提高的结果。很多工业品比原来便宜了很多。


5. Suppose that society decided to reduce consumption and increase investment.
a. How would this change affect economic growth?

答:更多的投资导致经济短期内快速增长。


b. What groups in society would benefit from this change? What groups might be hurt?

答:这种改变将惠及很多人,他们的收入将增加。然而,有个过渡周期,在这个过渡周期,工人和消费品生产企业老板收入下降,而在投资品领域的工人和老板将得到较高的收入。另外,一些人将缩减消费,以便增加投资。


6. Societies choose what share of their resources to devote to consumption and what share to devote to investment. Some of these decisions involve private spending; others involve government spending.
a. Describe some forms of private spending that represent consumption, and some forms that represent investment.

答:个人消费包括食物、衣物等。个人投资包括购买房产。


b. Describe some forms of government spending that represent consumption, and some forms that represent investment.

答:政府消费包括给政府雇员的工资。政府投资包括购买军事装备和修道路等。


7. What is the opportunity cost of investing in capital? Do you think a country can “over-invest” in capital? What is the opportunity cost of investing in human capital? Do you think a country can “over-invest” in human capital? Explain.

答: 资本投资的机会成本是缩减消费。因为边际收益递减的存在,过度投资资本是可能的。如果人们想增加现期消费而减少将来增长,对比结果就是过度投资。人力资本投资的机会成本也是降低了现期消费,人力资本也存在着过度投资,比如哲学博士开餐馆。


8. Suppose that an auto company owned entirely by German citizens opens a new factory in South Carolina.

a. What sort of foreign investment would this represent?

答:外国直接投资(FDI,foreign direct investment)


b. What would be the effect of this investment on U.S. GDP? Would the effect on U.S. GNP be larger or smaller?

答: 这项投资增加了美国GDP,因为增加了美国境内制造的产品数量。对美国GNP的贡献小些,因为德国人会得到投资收益,这个收益是德国GNP的一部分,而不属于美国。


9. In the 1980s Japanese investors made significant direct and portfolio investments 证券投资 in the United States. At the time, many Americans were unhappy that this investment was occurring.
a. In what way was it better for the United States to receive this Japanese investment than not to receive it? 从哪方面说,接受这种投资比不接受好?

答: 美国收益于日本投资,因为使美国的资本存量增加了,增加了美国的经济增长。


b. In what way would it have been better still for Americans to have done this investment? 从哪方面说,美国人自己投资更好?

答:美国人自己投资,投资收益归美国人自己,而不是归日本人。


10. In the countries of South Asia in 1992, only 56 young women were enrolled in secondary school for every 100 young men. Describe several ways in which greater
educational opportunities for young women could lead to faster economic growth in these countries.

答: 首先,由于教育的正的外部性,加强妇女教育会使经济发展。其次,妇女教育程度提高,会使自然生育率下降,因为知识女性生孩子的机会成本太高。


11. International data show a positive correlation between political stability and economic growth. 政治稳定和经济发展正相关
a. Through what mechanism could political stability lead to strong economic growth?

答:政治稳定,吸引投资,投资增加,经济发展。


b. Through what mechanism could strong economic growth lead to political stability?

答:经济发展,收入增加,群众满意,不会造反。

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