加载中…关于美国家庭冬季供暖——两段学习材料
(2021-02-06 17:00:09)
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关于美国家庭冬季供暖——两段学习材料
通过使用英语关键词短语“Winter heating in American houses”，在网络上，搜索大尺寸图片找到以下两段内容。文中罗列的部分图片，为另外从网络上搜索补充添加。
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第1部分——
Types of Home Heating Systems（家用供暖系统的类型）
资料来源：
https://www.thespruce.com/types-of-home-heating-systems-1824772
Written by Bob Formisano
（作者
There are several types of systems used to provide heat in a home, and within each broad type there are many variations. Some heating systems share components with the home's cooling equipment, and some systems provide both heating and cooling. The term HVAC—heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning—is used to describe the overall climate control system in a home.
（在家里提供热量的系统有几种类型，每种类型都有许多不同。有些供暖系统与家庭的制冷设备共用部件，有些系统同时提供供暖和制冷。术语HVAC加热、通风和空调用于描述家庭中的整体气候控制系统。）
No matter what HVAC system is used, the purpose of all heating appliances is to tap the thermal energy from a fuel source and transfer it to living spaces to maintain a comfortable ambient temperature. Heating systems can use a variety of fuel sources, including natural gas, propane, fuel oil, biofuel (such as wood), and electricity. Some homes have more than one heating system, such as when an addition or finished basement is heated by a different system than the rest of the house.
（无论使用哪种暖通空调HVAC系统，所有加热设备的目的都是从燃料源吸收热能并将其传递到居住空间，以保持舒适的环境温度。加热系统可以使用多种燃料，包括天然气、丙烷、燃料油、生物燃料（例如，木材）和电力。一些房屋拥有多个供暖系统，例如，当增建或完工的地下室由不同于房屋其余部分的系统供暖时。）
（第一种供暖类型——）
Forced Air Heating/Cooling
Systems（强制空气加热系统
By far the most common HVAC system in modern North American homes is the forced-air system that uses a furnace with a blower fan that delivers warmed air to the various rooms of the home through a network of ducts. Forced air systems are very quick at adjusting the temperature of a room, and because air conditioning systems can share the same blower and ductwork, this is an efficient overall HVAC System.
（到目前为止，现代北美家庭中最常见的暖通空调HVAC系统是强制空气系统，该系统使用带有鼓风机的炉子，通过管道网络将温暖的空气输送到房屋的各个房间。强制通风系统可以非常迅速地调节房间的温度，并且由于空调系统可以共享同一台鼓风机和风管，因此这是一个高效的整体暖通空调HVAC系统。）
Fuel sources: The furnaces that power forced-air systems can be fueled by natural gas, liquid propane (LP), fuel oil, or electricity.
（燃料来源：可以使用天然气，液化丙烷（LP），燃料油或电为动力系统供能的熔炉。）
Distribution: Air that is warmed in by the furnace's burner or heating element air is distributed through a network of ducts to heating registers in individual rooms. Another system of ducts returns air back to the furnace through cold-air returns.
（分配：由炉子燃烧器或加热元件加热的空气通过管道网络分配到各个房间的加热调节器。另一个管道系统通过冷空气回流将空气返回炉中。）
Advantages:（优点：）
Forced air systems can be filtered to remove dust and allergens. However, they also can increase the amount of allergens that are airborne.
（可以过滤强制通风系统以去除灰尘和过敏原。但是，它们也会增加空气传播的过敏原数量。）
Humidifier (or dehumidifier) equipment can be integrated into the forced air system.
（加湿器（或除湿器）设备可以集成到强制空气系统中。）
Forced air furnaces are relatively inexpensive.
（强制风炉相对便宜。）
These furnaces can achieve the highest AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency) ratings of any heating system (but that does not necessarily mean this is the most efficient way to heat a home).
（这些熔炉可以达到任何供暖系统最高的AFUE（年度燃料利用率）等级（但这并不一定意味着这是供暖的最有效方式）。）
Forced air systems can combine cooling with heating capability.
（强制通风系统可以将制冷和加热功能结合在一起。）
Disadvantages:（缺点：）
Requires ductwork and takes up space in walls.
（需要风管工作并占用墙壁空间。）
Furnace fans can be noisy.
（炉子风扇可能很吵。）
Moving air can distribute allergens.
（移动的空气会散布过敏原。）
Moving air can become dry unless it is humidified.
（除非加湿，否则移动的空气会变干。）
Because forced air systems heat the air and not the objects in a room, it is not considered the most comfortable form of heating.
（因为强制通风系统是加热空气而不是房间中的物体，所以它不是最舒适的加热形式。）
5种供暖类型图示：从左到右，分别是：强制空气供暖系统、蒸汽辐射供暖（散热器供暖）、辐射供暖（地暖）、热水踢脚板供暖、电热踢脚板供暖。
Forced Air Heating/Cooling Systems（强制空气加热系统 / 强制空气冷却系统）示意图
强制空气加热系统 / 强制空气冷却系统示意图
强制空气加热系统 / 强制空气冷却系统示意图
强制空气加热系统 / 强制空气冷却系统示意图
（第二种供暖类型——）
Gravity Air Furnace Systems（重力空气炉系统）
A precursor to forced air systems, gravity air furnaces also distribute air through a system of metal ducts, but rather than forcing the air via a blower, gravity air systems operate by the simple physics of warm air rising and cool air sinking. A gravity air furnace in a basement heats air, which then rises into the various rooms through ducts. Cool air returns to the furnace via a system of cold-air return ducts. The so-called "octopus" furnaces found in many older homes are gravity air furnaces.
（重力空气炉是强制空气系统的前身，它还通过金属管道系统分配空气，但是重力空气系统不是通过鼓风机强迫空气，而是通过暖空气上升和冷空气下沉的简单物理原理进行操作。地下室中的重力空气炉加热空气，然后通过管道升入各个房间。冷空气通过冷空气回流管道系统返回到熔炉。在许多较老的房屋中发现的所谓的“章鱼”炉是重力空气炉。）
Gravity air systems are no longer installed, but in many older homes they continue to perform effectively.
（重力空气系统不再安装，但在许多较老的房屋中，它们继续有效发挥作用。）
Fuel source: Forced air furnaces can be fueled by natural gas, liquid propane (LP), fuel oil, or electricity.
（燃料来源：强制风炉可以使用天然气、液化丙烷（LP）、燃料油或电作为燃料。）
Distribution: Conditioned air is circulated through a network of metal ducts.
（分配：空调空气通过金属风管网络循环。）
Advantages:（优点：）
Gravity systems have no moving parts and can last for many decades.
（重力系统没有活动部件，可以持续数十年。）
The system equipment is very dependable and requires little maintenance.
（系统设备非常可靠，几乎不需要维护。）
Disadvantages:（缺点：）
Air cannot be filtered effectively.
（空气无法有效过滤。）
Energy efficiency is lower than with newer furnaces.
（能源效率低于新型熔炉。）
Temperature adjustments are slow because the systems operate by simple convection currents.
（由于系统通过简单的对流运行，因此温度调节速度很慢。）
重力空气炉系统示意图
重力空气炉系统示意图
（第三种供暖类型——）
In-Floor Radiant Heating Systems（地板辐射供暖系统）/（地暖系统）
Modern in-floor heating is a type of radiant heating system. Radiant heating is different from forced air heat in that it heats objects and materials, such as furniture and flooring, rather than just the air. Most whole-home radiant systems distribute heat via hot water heated in a boiler or hot water heater.
（现代的地板采暖是一种辐射采暖系统。辐射加热与强制空气加热的不同之处在于，它不仅加热空气，而且还加热物体和材料（例如，家具和地板）。大多数全屋辐射系统，都是通过在锅炉或热水加热器中加热的热水，来分配热量的。）
In-floor heating involves plastic water tubing installed inside concrete slab floors or attached to the top or bottom of wood floors. It is quiet and generally energy efficient. It tends to heat more slowly and takes longer to adjust than forced air heat, but its heat is more consistent.
（地板采暖涉及安装在混凝土板地板内部或连接到木地板顶部或底部的塑料水管。它安静且通常节能。与强制空气加热相比，其加热速度更慢，调整时间更长，但其热量更稳定。）
There are also in-floor systems that use electrical wiring installed under flooring materials, typically ceramic or stone tile. These are less energy efficient than hot water systems and are typically used only in small rooms such as bathrooms.
（还有一些地板系统使用安装在地板材料（通常是陶瓷或石材）下面的电线。这些系统比热水系统的能源效率低，通常仅在较小的房间（例如，浴室）中使用。）
Fuel sources: Hot water tubing systems are usually heated by a central boiler, which can be fueled by natural gas, liquid propane (LP), or electricity. Hot water also can be provided by solar hot water systems, which are commonly used to supplement fuel-based systems.
（燃料来源：热水管道系统通常由中央锅炉加热，可以用天然气、液化丙烷（LP）或电力作为燃料。太阳能热水系统也可以提供热水，通常用于补充基于燃料的系统。）
Distribution: In-floor systems are usually distributed by hot water flowing through plastic tubing.
（分配：地板系统通常由流过塑料管的热水分配。）
Advantages:（优点：）
Radiant systems provide comfortable, even heat.
（辐射系统可提供舒适均匀的热量。）
When heated by boilers, radiant systems can be very energy efficient.
（当通过锅炉加热时，辐射系统可以非常节能。）
Disadvantages:（缺点：）
Radiant systems are relatively slow to heat up and adjust to temperature changes.
（辐射系统相对较慢，无法加热并适应温度变化。）
Installation of in-floor systems can be expensive.
（地板系统的安装可能很昂贵。）
It is difficult access to hidden piping if maintenance problems emerge.
（如果出现维护问题，很难进入隐藏的管道。）
Boiler-based systems cannot be combined with air conditioning.
（基于锅炉的系统不能与空调结合使用。）
住宅内部，首层室内地面，采用地暖系统供暖，示意图。（竖向剖切示意图）
地暖地面构造组成示意图
住宅内部地面上，地暖系统管线布设形式，示意图。
地暖地面，分水器附近，管线布设施工现场。
北美轻型木结构独立住宅内部，地暖地面，施工现场。
地暖地面砂浆面层现场浇注施工现场。
燃气壁挂炉地暖系统
地暖系统（太阳能集热系统和电热水系统混合供暖）
（第四种供暖类型——）
Traditional Boiler and Radiator Systems（传统锅炉和散热器系统）
Older homes and apartment buildings in North America often are heated with traditional boiler and radiator systems. These include a central boiler that circulates steam or hot water through pipes to radiator units positioned strategically around the house. The classic radiator—a cast-iron upright unit usually positioned near windows—is often called a steam radiator, although this term is sometimes inaccurate.
（北美的较老的房屋和公寓楼经常用传统的锅炉和散热器系统供暖。其中包括一个中央锅炉，该锅炉通过管道将蒸汽或热水循环到位于房屋周围的散热器单元。经典的散热器（通常位于窗户附近的铸铁立式装置）通常被称为蒸汽散热器，尽管该术语有时不准确。）
In reality, there are two types of systems used with these older radiators. True steam boilers actually do circulate gaseous steam through pipes to individual radiators, which then condenses back to water and flows back to the boiler for reheating. Modern radiator systems circulate hot water to radiators via electric pumps. The hot water releases its heat at the radiator, and the cooled water returns to the boiler for more heating. Hot water radiator systems are very common in Europe.
（实际上，这些较旧的散热器使用两种类型的系统。真正的蒸汽锅炉实际上确实将气态蒸汽通过管道循环到各个散热器，然后散热器凝结成水，然后流回锅炉进行重新加热。现代散热器系统通过电动泵将热水循环到散热器。热水在散热器上释放热量，冷却后的水返回锅炉进行更多加热。热水散热器系统在欧洲非常普遍。）
Fuel sources: Boiler/radiator systems can be fueled by natural gas, liquid propane, fuel oil, or electricity. Original boilers may even have been fueled by coal.
（燃料来源：锅炉/散热器系统可以使用天然气、液态丙烷、燃料油或电力作为燃料。原始锅炉甚至可能由煤作为燃料。）
Distribution: Heat is produced by steam or hot water circulating through metal pipes to radiators shaped to facilitate the transfer of thermal energy.
（分配：热量是由蒸汽或热水通过金属管循环到形状适合于热能传递的散热器而产生的。）
Advantages:（优点：）
Radiant heat is quite comfortable and does not dry out the air as forced-air heat does.
（辐射热非常舒适，不会像强制空气那样使空气干燥。）
Radiators can be updated to low-profile baseboard or wall-panel radiators.
（散热器可以更新为矮型踢脚线或墙面板散热器。）
When old boilers are replaced, modern boilers can offer very good energy efficiency.
（当更换旧锅炉时，现代锅炉可以提供非常好的能源效率。）
Disadvantages:（缺点：）
Radiators can be unsightly.
（散热器可能不美观。）
Radiator locations may limit furniture placement and window coverings.
（散热器的位置可能会限制家具的放置和窗帘。）
Boiler-based systems cannot be combined with air conditioning.
（基于锅炉的系统不能与空调结合使用。）
燃气壁挂炉+散热器供暖系统示意图。
燃气壁挂炉+散热器供暖系统示意图。
（第五种供暖类型——）
Hot Water Baseboard Radiator（热水踢脚线散热器）
Another more modern form of radiant heat is a hot water baseboard system, also known as a hydronic system. These systems also use a centralized boiler to heat water that circulates through a system of water pipes to low-profile baseboard heating units that radiate the heat from the water out into the room via thin metal fins surrounding the water pipe. This is essentially just an updated, evolved version of the old upright radiator systems.
（辐射热的另一种更现代形式是热水踢脚线系统，也称为水力系统。这些系统还使用集中式锅炉来加热水，该水通过水管系统循环到矮型踢脚线加热单元，该加热单元通过围绕水管的薄金属散热片将水的热量散发到房间内。从本质上讲，这只是旧的垂直散热器系统的更新版本。）
Fuel Sources: Boilers for hydronic systems can be fueled by natural gas, liquid propane (LP), fuel oil, or electricity. They can also be aided by solar heating systems.
（燃料来源：用于循环系统的锅炉可以使用天然气，液态丙烷（LP），燃料油或电力作为燃料。它们也可以通过太阳能加热系统来辅助。）
Distribution:（分配：）
Hot water heated by a boiler and piped to "fin-tube" baseboard units mounted along walls. The fins increase the surface area of heat dissipation for efficiency.
（热水由锅炉加热，然后通过管道输送到沿墙安装的“翅片管”踢脚线单元。散热片增加了散热的表面积，从而提高了效率。）
Heat is distributed by natural convection: Heated air rises from the baseboard unit, while cold air falls toward the unit for heating.
（热量通过自然对流分配：热空气从踢脚线单元上升，而冷空气则向该单元下降以进行加热。）
Advantages:（优点：）
Hydronic systems can offer excellent energy efficiency.
（水力系统可以提供出色的能源效率。）
Hydronic systems are quiet because there are no fans or blowers.
（水力系统安静，因为没有风扇或鼓风机。）
Temperature can be precisely controlled.
（温度可以精确控制。）
Radiator systems are very durable and need little maintenance.
（散热器系统非常耐用，几乎不需要维护。）
Disadvantages:（缺点：）
Baseboard radiation/convection units must remain unobstructed and can provide challenges in furniture placement and drape design.
（踢脚线的辐射/对流单元必须保持畅通，并可能在家具摆放和悬垂设计方面带来挑战。）
Radiators are slow to heat up.
（散热器升温缓慢。）
Hot water systems cannot be combined with air conditioning systems.
（热水系统不能与空调系统结合使用。）
If the heat goes out for an extended period, heating pipes may be at risk of freezing.
（如果热量长时间散失，则加热管可能会冻结。）
（第六种供暖类型——）
Heat Pump Heating Systems（热泵加热系统）
The newest home heating (and cooling) technology is the heat pump. Using a system that is similar to an air conditioner, heat pumps extract heat from the air and deliver it to the home via an indoor air handler. Standard home systems are air-source heat pumps that draw heat from the outdoor air. There are also ground-source, or geothermal, heat pumps that pull heat from deep in the ground as well as water-source heat pumps that rely on a pond or lake for heat.
（最新的家庭供暖（和制冷）技术是热泵。使用类似于空调的系统，热泵从空气中吸收热量，并通过室内空气处理机将其传递给家庭。标准的家用系统是空气源热泵，可从室外空气中吸收热量。也有从地下深处吸收热量的地源热泵或地热泵，以及依靠池塘或湖泊供热的水源热泵。）
A popular type of air-source heat pump is the mini-split, or ductless, system. This has a relatively small outdoor compressor unit and one or more indoor air handlers that are easy to add to room additions or remote areas of a home. Many heat pump systems are reversible and can be switched to air conditioning mode in the summer. Heat pumps can be energy efficient, but they are suitable only for relatively mild climates; they are less effective in very hot and very cold weather.
（一种流行的空气源热泵是微型分体式或无管式系统。它具有一个相对较小的室外压缩机单元和一个或多个室内空气处理机，这些空气处理机很容易添加到房间添加物或房屋的偏远地区。许多热泵系统都是可逆的，夏季可以切换到空调模式。热泵可以提高能源效率，但仅适用于相对温和的气候。它们在非常炎热和非常寒冷的天气中效果较差。）
Fuel sources: Heat pumps are usually powered by electricity, although natural gas models are also available.
（燃料来源：尽管也有天然气型号，但热泵通常由电力驱动。）
Distribution: Heat (and cooling) are provided by wall-mounted units that blow air across evaporator coils linked to an outdoor pump that extracts or absorbs heat from the outdoors.
（分配：壁装式单元提供热量（和冷却），这些单元将空气吹过与室外泵相连的蒸发器盘管，室外泵从室外吸热或吸收热量。）
Advantages:（优点：）
Systems offer both heating and cooling.
（系统提供加热和冷却。）
Heat pumps can be very energy efficient.
（热泵可能非常节能。）
Individual wall units allow for precise control of each room.
（单独的墙单元可精确控制每个房间。）
Fans are quieter than central forced-air systems.
（风扇比中央强制通风系统安静。）
No ductwork is required.
（无需管道系统。）
Disadvantages:（缺点：）
Heat pumps are best suited for relatively mild climates.
（热泵最适合相对温和的气候。）
Distribution of heated or cooled air can be limited because it comes from a single unit (in each room or area).
（可以限制加热或冷却空气的分配，因为它来自单个单元（在每个房间或区域中）。）
（第七种供暖类型——）
Electric Resistance Heating Systems（电阻加热系统）
Electric baseboard heaters and other types of electric heaters are not commonly used for primary home heating systems, mostly due to the high cost of electricity. However, they remain a popular option for supplemental heating in finished basements, home offices, and seasonal rooms (such as three-season porches and sunrooms). Electric heaters are easy and inexpensive to install, and they require no ductwork, pumps, air handlers, or other distribution equipment. The units are inexpensive and have no moving parts and require virtually no maintenance.
（电动踢脚线加热器和其他类型的电加热器通常不用于主要的家庭供暖系统，这主要是因为电费高昂。但是，它们仍然是在成品地下室，家庭办公室和季节性房间（例如三季门廊和日光浴室）补充供暖的普遍选择。电加热器易于安装且价格便宜，并且不需要管道系统，泵，空气处理机或其他分配设备。这些装置价格便宜，没有活动部件，几乎不需要维护。）
（In addition to conventional baseboard heaters, there are electric radiant heaters that heat with radiation. These typically are installed near the ceiling and are directed toward the room occupants, providing more focused heat than you get with baseboard units. Radiant heaters also are more energy efficient than baseboard units.）
（除了传统的踢脚线加热器外，还有辐射加热的电辐射加热器。这些通常安装在天花板附近，并指向房间的人，比起踢脚板单元提供更多的集中热量。辐射加热器也比踢脚板单元更节能。）
Distribution: Baseboard heaters use natural convection to circulate heat throughout the room. Wall-mounted heaters and many specialty heaters (like toekick heaters) usually have internal fans that blow out heated air.
（分配：踢脚线加热器使用自然对流在整个房间内循环热量。壁挂式加热器和许多专用加热器（例如脚架加热器）通常都具有将热空气吹出的内部风扇。）
Advantages:（优点：）
Heater units are versatile and can be installed almost anywhere.
（加热器单元用途广泛，几乎可以安装在任何地方。）
Systems need only an electrical circuit for power.
（系统只需要一个电路即可供电。）
Units without fans work silently.
（没有风扇的装置会默默运作。）
Radiant electric heaters heat room objects, similar to in-floor radiant heat.
（辐射式电加热器加热室内物体，类似于地板辐射热。）
No ductwork or expensive installation is needed.
（无需管道系统或昂贵的安装。）
Disadvantages:（缺点：）
Electric heaters are very expensive to operate.
（电加热器的操作非常昂贵。）
They use a lot of electricity and therefore contribute disproportionately to over-use of the electric utility grid and related problems.
（它们消耗大量电力，因此在过度使用电力网和相关问题方面做出了不成比例的贡献。）
Most electricity is generated by coal-fired power plants, so electric heaters, while clean to operate, contribute significantly to air pollution and atmospheric carbon.
（大多数电力是由燃煤发电厂产生的，因此电加热器虽然运行清洁，但对空气污染和大气中的碳有很大贡献。）
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第2部分——
大多数美国家庭，仍使用化石燃料进行供暖。现在该电气化了。
更换所有这些天然气炉，将非常棘手。
由 大卫·罗伯茨 更新
资料来源：
（以下是摘录自原始英文网站上的部分要点翻译成中文的内容）
目前，大多数房屋，都靠化石燃料供暖和制冷，而改变房屋的过程，将变得复杂而艰辛。
随着时间的流逝，需要使一切电气化！也就是说，减少碳排放的关键部分，是将目前使用的燃烧化石燃料上的能源使用，转换为电力，以便尽可能地运行。零碳电力。
建筑物的供暖和制冷，约占美国排放量的10%。
目前，约有37%的美国房屋已通电，大部分在南部，多数使用低效的踢脚板供暖，而不是高效的热泵。目前，只有约1%的美国家庭拥有热泵。约48%的家庭使用天然气，除南部地区外，天然气在每个地区，都占主导地位。14%的人，几乎全部在东北地区，使用“其他”燃料或煤油。
直到最近，传统观念还是认为高效的天然气炉是对环境更有利的选择。人们仍然普遍认为天然气加热是更便宜的选择。尽管，正如将在下面看到的那样，这并不总是正确的。
住宅电气化的经济实力越来越强
将屋顶太阳能与电气化捆绑在一起的客户以及大多数新房建筑而言，具有成本效益。
建筑商和承包商仍然在天然气是最好的选择心态。许多人，对热泵不熟悉，也不了解热泵。
对于新建房屋，电气化既是低碳又是低成本。
替换的锅炉，是原来的燃油锅炉，该燃油锅炉，是1954年房屋建成时安装的，由埋在院子里的油箱供油。
住在西雅图，那里的电力既干净（大多是水力发电）又便宜，所以想用电供暖。
针对从燃油供暖换成电力热泵供暖，西雅图市与三菱公司合作，提供2000美元的折扣。
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