1. 口语教材孰长孰短?
教材既是教学思想的具体体现,又是教学大纲的实施,课堂活动的规范和考试的依据。可以说,人们对教材的依赖是很大的。但面对英语口语教材的现实,我们却不能感到欣慰。
首先,我们看到口语活动项目在大学综合英语教材中出现。这当然说明综合英语课对口语的重视,但蜻蜓点水式的口语操练显然无法解决口语活动中出现的各种问题。这也就是为什么英语专业对口语培训要单独设课。
1.1. 视听说教材
一些(视)听说教材将口语培训与(视)听能力培训结合起来。见附录1。该教材属初级教材,供高等院校英语专业一年级或类似程度学生使用。该教材每个单元有一个题材,环绕一定的交际功能展开。每单元分Lesson A 和Lesson B。Lesson A 由1.基本词汇,2.听力练习,3.说的练习,4.交际练习组成。Lesson B是录像片段Part 1 Global Viewpoints 和 Part 2 City Living及相关练习组成。与说有关的练习主要体现在Lesson A 中的3.说的练习中。这是一种情景式(situational)编排,在进入实践之前先给出表达方式(见A.),再给出样板对话(见B.)并回答问题,然后要求学生按样板对话进行实践(见C.和D.)应该说,这是初级口语教材的常用编排方式,但无疑属ESL的“门窗式”教学(详见导言2. 2)。把视听说结合在一个课程里无疑是一种有益的尝试,也较符合语言习得的规律。但问题是,由于要兼顾视听,(该教材以视听为主,)教材未能将口语活动编排得十分细致深入。实践证明,这种浅尝辄止的口语操练设计很难调动和保持学生的口语交际热情。
再看附录2 。该教材针对中级水平英语专业学生。如上所说,将听说结合符合信息交流程序,是一种很好的尝试。它既有充分的机会向学生提供交际语料,也较易激活学生的交际欲望。但该教材以听为主,对口语活动的安排太简单。鉴于口语教学本身的复杂性,也难于引导学生充分开展口语活动。
1.2. 专业口语教材
鉴于口语教学的复杂性,尽管课堂口语教学离不开(视)听和阅读甚至书写,但人们越来越注意到专门的口语教材的必要性。许多大专院校英语专业都投入了大量精力编写英语专业口语教材。王守仁、何宁主编的《新编英语口语教程》(注)是近年来笔者所见的针对初、中级英语学生编写的一套比较成熟完备的英语口语教材。该教材从核心理念到布局编排都比较符合我国英语口语教学实际。下面笔者就该教材进行重点讨论。请看下例:
book 1初级程度
根据大纲规定的功能意念,侧重交际功能训练。
Unit 3 How to ask directions & How to give directions
WARM UP
1. Try to start a conversation with your classmate(s), using the expressions you learned in the previous unit.
2. Recite the passage on page 22 and 23.
3. Describe what happened on campus, in your town, in the country, or in the world over the past
week.
小议:复习是最传统的教学形式,重要性毋庸置疑。
READING ALOUD
Read the following passage, paying attention to pronunciation, intonation and rhythm.
Knowledge
Once a wise man was crossing a certain mighty river. He wished to amuse himself and began to talk to the boatman.
"Do you know mathematics?" he asked.
"No, Sir," replied the boatman.
"Then you have lost one quarter of your life," said the wise man. "Do you know history?"
"No Sir," answered the boatman.
"Then you have lost of your life." said the wise man. "Do you know philosophy?"
"I don't know that either," said the boatman.
"Then you have lost three quarters of your life."
Just then a sudden gust of wind overturned the boat.
"Do you know how to swim?" asked the boatman.
"No," replied the wise man.
"Well then," replied the boatman, "you have lost your whole life."
小议:该练习属班级活动,机械操练。将朗读练习作为口语课的口腔热身,内容与该课的重点功能“asking and giving directions”间接相关,并无不可。
DIALOGUE DRILLS:
Study the following expressions and the model dialogue carefully, and then make up conversation on the given situations.
How to ask directions
Excuse me, sir, can you help me out? I'm trying to find...
Pardon me, ma'am, how could I find...?
Excuse me. Is there a ... near around?
Do you happen to know...?
Can you tell me where I can get...?
Hey, where's the ...?
Model dialogue
I
(A tourist in New York City)
A: Could you please tell me where the South Ferry is?
B: Sure, the south Ferry is in Battery Park. All you need to do is go up two streets and it will be on your left.
Are you going to Stalen Island?
A: Yes, I thought that it would be a great way to see the harbor, the Statue of Liberty, the Manhattan Skyline and the rest.
B: You thought right.
A: Thanks for the help.
II (略)
How to give directions
(略)
Model dialogue
I (略) II (略)
Situations:
A) Work out appropriate replies, using the information given below.
1.Could you please tell where a good restaurant is?
REPLY:
(2.---5. 略)
B) Work out appropriate dialogues, using the information given below.
1.Give directions to a lost friend from your classroom to your dormitory.
(2.---6. 略)
小议:该练习属半机械操练,以模仿为主,又有有限的自由发挥。将核心功能的一般表达方式反复操练十分必要,只是对操练的形式(如朗读、背诵、问答等)、规模(如班级、小组、成对活动等)的要求还不够清楚,有待教师课堂上灵活掌握。
STORY TELLING
Read the following story and answer the questions below.
A Reply Written by a Doctor
One day, a lady wrote to a doctor, inviting him to have dinner at her house. The doctor wrote a reply, but he wrote so carelessly that the lady could not read.
"What shall I do?" she said to her husband anxiously, "I don't know if he is going to come or not. I don't want to phone
him and say that I can't read his writing."
Her husband frowned thoughtfully. Then he had an idea. “ Take it to the chemist, "he said.” He will be able to read it easily."
So the lady went to the chemist's shop and gave the doctor's note to the chemist. The chemist looked at it carefully. Then he got his glasses and looked at it more carefully.
"Could you wait a moment, Madam?" he said politely and went to the back of his shop. After a few minutes, he returned, smiling cheerfully and carrying a large bottle. He gave the bottle to the lady.” Take one spoonful before every meal," he said.
Questions
1.Why was the lady anxious?
2.Why did they think the chemist could read the note easily?
3.Do you think the chemist could really read the note ? Why?
4.Why did the chemist give the bottle to the lady?
Read the story once again, and then retell it in your own words to your partner.
小议:该练习活动规模不定,可大可小。该练习仍属半机械操练,以模仿为主。课文内容与本课重点功能无关,可惜。按课文回答问题,因100%的学生能够获知全部信息并回答问题,可保证学生最大范围的参与。
CARTOON SKITS
Prepare a conversation with a partner. Use expressions and idioms from this unit. Then put on a skit about the situation.
Allan is a stranger in this city. On the way to his cousin's house, he asks someone to help him. Will he find his way at last?
(图略)
小议:该练习是成对活动,活动效率达到最高。仍属半机械操练,有模仿成分,但学生围绕核心功能自主发挥的成分增加。
PAIR WOARK
Student A: Look only at the instructions below.
Student B: Look only at the instructions on the next page.
Student A
1. Ask B where the places below are and write them on the map. You begin the conversation. Say: Where's________?
the bank the gas station the bus stop
the bakery the movie theatre the hotel
2. Use your map to answer B's questions. B will begin the conversation. When you finish, check that you and B have the same maps.
(图略)
Student B
1. Use your map to answer A's questions. A will begin the conversation.
2. Ask A where the places below are and write them on the map. You begin the conversation. Say: Where's________?
the police station the supermarket the post office
the grocery store the photo house the library
(图略)
小议:成对活动,高效率;半机械操练,以模仿为主。
SMALL GROUP TASK
Discuss the following topics within your group and then give an oral report of your discussion. You may perform a short play to express your opinions.
Tell your group members about various types of transportation in your hometown and where you live now. Are people dependent on one form of transportation? Do they have only one? How do you like to get around? By bus? By taxi? By bike? On foot? Explain why and in what situation.
小议:小组活动有一定效率,但属自由发挥型,不容易监控。问题好,给学生提供了谈点(谈点的重要性将在 “谈点原则”中详细讨论)。
HOMEWORK
Read aloud the following passages and choose one of them to recite.
I
The battle, sir, is not to the strong; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!
(II略)
NONSENSE PUN
Waiter, waiter, what soup is this?
It’s bean soup, sir.
I don’t care what it was. I want to know what it is now.
(略)
|
小议:语言内容与核心功能无关,主要为了增加学生的语感和语言欣赏能力。
总结该教材,可以得出以下结论:
步骤设计比较合理细致,基本遵循三P模式,即展示(presentation)、操练(practice)、创造(production),由机械操练到有条件的自由发挥,收放有度。该教材采用了课堂教学的传统做法,有复习,有作业,应该肯定。教材还注意到成对活动的设置,而成对活动的重要性是怎么估计也不会过低的(参见3活动篇)。这里的关键是如何将成对活动与其他活动有机结合,不使其变成放羊,从而最大限度地增加学生的参与度。
再看book 4,中级程度:
Unit 2
Background information
Domestic Goods Show Pride
Recently I heard a story from my teacher. Once she worked with some Korean men in Shantou. They returned to South Korea for one day every other month in turn. They were all heavy smokers. But one day, my teacher was very surprised to find that they all stopped smoking simultaneously. Finally she couldn’t help asking them, “Why did you all quit smoking at the same time?” We are not quitting, we just have no cigarettes.”
My teacher was puzzled. “There are so many kinds of cigarettes in China---whether Chinese or foreign brands, cheap or expensive---you have so many choices, why did you say that you can’t buy them?”” Yes, in China there is a great variety of cigarettes. However, we can’t find any cigarettes from our country here. We only choose Korean cigarettes. If we can’t get them, we’d rather not smoke.”
Sure enough they didn’t smoke until their colleague returned from south Korean and brought some Korean cigarettes for them.
This story deeply impressed me. I was moved by their patriotism. I thought this was an important reason for South Korean to become one of the “four Dragons” in Asia and establish many world famous corporations such as Samsung and LG.
But what about Chinese people? Are Chinese products our first choice? Regrettably, many Chinese despise domestic products and adore foreign products. Although some products of China have the same quality---and usually lower prices---their market shares are still less compared with those imported products.
Some of our national industries are weaker compared with those of South Korea. What’s more, China will enter into the WTO in the near future. Our national industries will face more difficult and much sterner challenges. Every Chinese has the responsibility for supporting our national industries.
Economic development is the pillar of our country. China should not be a country into which foreign products flood. A nation which is ashamed of using its own products will never be a great nation.
Discussion:
1 Do you think that buying domestic goods represents patriotism?
2 Do you agree with the author that patriotism contributes to South Korea’s becoming one of the “Four Dragon”?
3 What factors determine consumers’ choice in purchasing products?
4 Do you think foreign products will flood the Chinese market after China enters into the WTO?
小议:该文章尽管是讨论韩国人的爱国主义,而且时间偏早,在中国加入WTO之前, 却是以中国为背景,好!
Interview
Some famous enterprises are making a follow-up-check on the quality of their sold products. You are employed to work on their market research project.
Topic: Are you satisfied with the Product?
Procedures:
1 Divide the class into groups of 4-6;
2 Choose products which are familiar to student consumers. For example:
calculators
electronic dictionaries(快译通)
watches, bike, clothes
BP(business paper)
mobile phone
computers (hardware and software)
3 Conduct an inter-group interview, and try to get as much as possible your classmates’ opinion about the product. You may take notes;
4 After the interview is over, prepare a report which should include suggestions for improvement;
5 Deliver your report to group members. If your classmates don’t agree with your suggestions, provide a rationale for your own arguments.
* Here are some questions you might use in your interview.
Are you satisfied with the quality of the product?
Are you satisfied with the price?
Is de luxe packing necessary?
Is the product durable or long-lasting?
Has the product ever been repaired?
Is after-sale service good enough?
Do you have any complaints?
Do you have any suggestions?
Are you going to buy anything from the same producer?
小议:Interview与前文密切相关,且经过了周密细致的设计和安排,极具可操作性。尤其是在最后提供了一系列问句,使学生在操练期间有一定的参照,从而保证了学生的活动量和该活动的持续时间。
Role play
Panel Discussion
China’s entering into the WTO will have an overwhelming influence on national industries and enterprises. As a result, many businesses are beginning to think about the survival of their products and fellow-workers. To help the companies to understand the nature of these influences, the local government is organizing a forum in the form of a panel discussion.
Roles: panel leader
government official
manager of a state-owned enterprise
manager of a foreign company
representatives of consumers
Topic: The advantages & disadvantages of China’s entering into the WTO
Procedures:
1 Divide the class into groups of 5-6 to form panels for discussion;
2 Each group member studies the topic carefully, and chooses a role;
3 The panel leader starts the discussion by introducing the panel members and the topic. It is the responsibility of the panel leader to make sure that each member has a say and that the discussion goes on smoothly. The following questions might be used to elicit talks:
1) What should Chinese enterprises do in order to compete with foreign products in both national and international market?
2) Who would benefit from China’s entering into the WTO?
3) What would it have been like if China had remained a self-sufficient country without any trade with other nations?
4) What’s your understanding of the Opening-up policy?
4 Group members speak impromptu on the topic or answer the questions asked;
5 Select one or two groups to conduct panel discussion before the class. The audience are encouraged to raise questions to the panel members.
* Your knowledge about and thorough understanding of the following concepts may be
of some help to you:
a) Multinational
b) General tendency of the world economy---global economy
c) The working principles of market economy
d) The protection of national products
小议:Panel Discussion很有创意,步骤安排与上段一样经过精心策划,极具操作性。最后的a)、b)、c)、d)四个概念可谓画龙点睛之笔,给了讨论以实质性的内容支持。
评论:
前后操练内容的相关性强,从而保证了话题的深入展开和核心表达方式的重复率,使学生能有所知,有所思,有所悟,有所练,有所学。而无数教学实践都说明,只有这几方面都有所顾及的教材才是比较好的教材。
但即使是该教材,也存在如下共性问题。1.面对中级口语水平学生,词语和句型方面的机械操练完全取消。尽管这是英语专业口语教学的一般做法,但笔者不敢苟同。具体理由见活动篇2.4.2.。2.没有翻译。也许是出于对传统的“语法翻译法”的否定或是全盘接受“用英语思维”,但这是违背我国EFL口语教学的基本目标的。(详见导言2.1.2.)笔者一直困惑,为什么在社会上考口译证书如此热门的情况下我们却把翻译赶出口语课堂?3.缺乏中国背景。这个问题值得详细讨论:
在Background information中完全以中国为背景的在全书18课中只有两课(Unit 2 Domestic Goods Show Pride 和 Unit 7 We Want Education, But Fees Are Too High),其余的要么属于一般话题(如Unit 8 The Only Thing People Are Interested in Today Is Earning More Money, Unit 13 Books, Plays and Films Should Be Censored, Unit 14 Capital Punishment Is the Only Way to Deter Criminals, Unit 16 Cloning Human---Crime or Not?, Unit 17 Euthanasia, Unit 18 Talk Shows),或者干脆是外国背景(如 Unit 1 Free Pass Fails Kids美国背景, Unit 3 Better Left Unsaid西方背景, Unit 4 How to Shine at a Job Interview, Unit 5 Women at Work, Unit 6 Report to Juvenile Court, Unit 9 Dubbing Performance, Unit 10 Ban Boxing, Unit 11 Where have the Children Gone? U, Unit 12 Who is to Blame for Di’s Death? Unit 15 Unmarried, No Children )。这也许是教材编者也认为“原汁原味”应该是“洋汁洋味”。当然,即使在Background information 中的文章是外国背景,我们也完全可以在以下的各项口语活动中将其拉回来,教材事实上也是这么做的。但笔者个人感到,除了在导言2 3)中提到的理由,口语教材中出现以西方为社会文化背景的语料本无可厚非,但不能因此而缺少中国的,尤其是贴近学生生活的语料,否则会给课堂上深入开展口语练习带来困难。
实际上,综观以上所有教材,有一个最大的问题没有解决,即作为中国的EFL口语教材,是不是应该以中国的社会文化背景为主?我们都很清楚,学英语无非两个目的,一是我们要了解世界,二是让世界了解我们。然而笔者认为,现在是我们了解世界大大强于世界了解我们,从我们教学内部看,我们的学生更想了解外面有什么而不太清楚自己是什么。这种倾向不能说和我们的教学完全无关。从口语教学而言,不知自我是很难深入开展交流活动的。为了扭转这种倾向,口语和写作都应该做出一些调整。
1.3. 其他口语教材
可喜的是,目前在市面上已经能看到一些立足中国文化背景的教材了。其中一套称为《走遍中国》。该书的主题就是“让世界更多地了解中国”,所以其内容以“中国”为核心,涵盖历史、文化、经济、生活等诸方面。以下是该丛书“文化”一册中的一课(注4):
Unit 15 Talking about Chinese Food
Basic sentences常用句子
1.Do you like Chinese food?
你喜欢吃中国菜吗?
2.Yse, I certainly do.
我当然喜欢。
3.Have you eaten with chopsticks before?
你以前用过筷子吃饭吗?
4.Chinese home-style cooking attaches much importance to the color, aroma, taste and appearance of a dish.
中国菜注重色香味和外观。
(5.---14.略)
Situational dialogues情景对话
Dialogue 1
(A=Mrs. White怀特夫人, B=Ms. Liu刘女士)
A: I’d love to learn how to make jiaozi. Do you know how?
我很想学包饺子,你知道怎么做吗?
B: Oh, yes. I often made jiaozi with my family. There are several stages. The first one is making dough. Then you go on to the second stage, which is preparing the filling.
当然知道,我经常同家人一起包饺子。包饺子有很多步骤,首先和面,然后到第二步---准备饺子馅。
A: What goes into that?
有什么馅的?
B: It’s quite variable but usually finely minced pork or whatever green vegetable is available. The third one is to make wrappers. After these comes the tricky part---filling the jiaozi. You only put quite a small amount of filling on the wrapper and then fold together the edges of the wrapper to form a half moon shape, and press the edger well together. That’s it.
有各种各样的,但通常都是些剁碎的猪肉和绿色蔬菜。第三步是做饺子皮。一切就绪后就到了复杂的一个环节---包饺子。你只需放少量的馅在饺子皮里,然后把饺子皮的边缘折在一起成一个半圆型,最后把边缘压紧,这就好了。
A: Sounds tricky! I’ll try my best to learn it.
听起来好复杂!我尽力去学。
(Dialogue 2 – 3 略)
Additional words & phrases附加词汇
应该说,“让世界更多地了解中国”,背靠中国背景应该是所有中国英语口语教材的共同目的和特点,以上教材开始认真考虑这个问题了。不过,以上教材似乎更针对外国旅游者,只提供了句子、对话和词汇的中英文,没有提供任何口语活动形式、步骤的要求和指导,因此不很适合中国学生英语口语课堂教学的要求。
再看以下教材《英语畅谈中国文化50主题》(注):
(注)李霞 著 外文出版社 2008
Culture Conflicts
45. Chinese and Western Set Phrases
Dialogue
A: Whenever I try to use some Chinese set phrases, people seem surprised. They not only marvel at my language capability but also treat me as one of them. Set phrases help close the gap between the listeners and me. Usually people will offer to teach me more such phrases.
B: Set phrases can definitely reflect a person’s life experience, as well as their attitude and value propositions. From such expressions you can see what people like and dislike.
(以下略)
对话
(以下略)
Background Reading背景阅读
Selected Phrases from Poor Richard’s Almanac 《穷查理历书》选录
The discontented man finds no easy chair.
不满足的人难以找到舒适的椅子。
Nothing humbler than ambition, when it is about to climb.
最寒酸的是想高攀。
(以下略)
Exercises练习
Answer these questions.
1. Why do some people like to use set phrases?
2. Who is Benjamin Franklin?
3. Why is “Poor Richard’s Almanac” an important book?
Translate these sentences into Chinese.
1. Whenever I try to use some Chinese set phrases, people seem surprised.
2. They marvel at my language capability.
3. Set phrases help close the gap between the listeners and me.
4. From such expressions you can see what people like and dislike.
(5.---10 略)
Complete this paragraph with suitable words.
Whenever I _1__to use some Chinese set phrases, people __2__ surprised. They _3__ only __4__ at my language capability but also treat me as one of them. Set phrases help ___5__ the gap between the listeners and me. Usually people will offer to teach me more __6___ phrases. Set phrases can, definitely, __7___ a person’s life experience, as well as their attitude and value propositions. From such expressions you can see __8__ people like and dislike.
以上教材也是背靠中国背景介绍中国文化,而且提供了一定形式的操练。可惜这些操练还是过于简单,有待教师加以编排充实以满足课堂活动需要。以上教材由于形式过于简单很难走进课堂。 通过以上的分析,结论自然是,至今还没有一本真正适合中国EFL口语教学的教材出现。
加载中,请稍候......