Yeast Beta Glucan

http://www.vitaminpros.com/yeast-beta-glucan.htm

Beta glucan is a complex polysaccharide that can be connected in several different ways, including (1,3) Beta glucan, (1,4) Beta glucan and (1,6) Beta glucan (they are mainly a combination of all three). These are medium-chain molecules that can be extracted from Baker’s yeast, mushrooms, oats and barley. It isn’t completely clear whether or not there are absolute differences between the various derivations of Beta glucan. The clinical research on each origin of Beta glucan has been done, however. For example, oat and barley Beta glucan appear to remain within the colon and intestinal tract and help lower cholesterol and reduce the insulin and blood sugar levels in the body. Mushroom Beta glucan, on the other hand, appears from available research to have some anti-tumor and immune system effects.

Beta-葡聚糖是一种复杂的多糖，以多种连接方式连接在一起，包括beta-1,3-葡聚糖、beta-1,4-葡聚糖和beta-1,6-葡聚糖。这些中等大小的分子可以从面包酵母、蘑菇、燕麦和大麦中提取得到。虽然临床已经进行了许多关于不同来源的葡聚糖的研究，但现在尚不清楚这些葡聚糖是否完全的不同。例如，燕麦和大麦beta-葡聚糖能保留在人体肠道，显示出降低胆固醇和降低胰岛素和血糖水平的作用。然而，许多研究表明蘑菇beta-葡聚糖具有某些抗肿瘤和免疫增强的效果。

Research on yeast Beta glucan is a bit different and a great deal more detailed than the research performed on the other sources of Beta glucan. In fact, a great deal of detailed research has been done on yeast Beta glucan showing it to have a substantial effect on the immune system, on injuries due to radiation and on tumor regression. The research is so precise that exact receptor sites on immune cells have been discovered that give Beta glucan its immune supporting and tumor fighting effects.

相比对于其他来源的beta-葡聚糖的研究，对于酵母beta-葡聚糖的研究有所不同，而且要详细的多。事实上，关于酵母beta-葡聚糖已进行许多详细的研究，表明它对应免疫系统、辐射的损伤和肿瘤的衰退具有一定的功效。这些研究非常的精确，甚至找到了那些增强免疫和抗肿瘤免疫细胞上酵母beta-葡聚糖的特异受体。

In one research effort, it was found that yeast (1,3) Beta glucan binds directly to the Dectin-1 receptor on macrophages, giving us our first line of defense against dangerous bacteria and other health challenges. Dectin-1 is believed to be how Beta glucan is taken up into the body in the intestinal tract, as well as how it activates the macrophage to do its job as a molecular scavenger. This would make yeast Beta glucan extremely effective in helping the body fight off infection and/or help macrophages clear out abscesses or dead cells.

在其中一个研究中，研究人员发现酵母beta-1,3-葡聚糖直接结合到巨噬细胞的Dectin-1受体上，这些巨噬细胞能够给予我们对于有害细菌和其他健康威胁第一道防护。Dectin-1被认为在酵母beta-葡聚糖被肠道吞噬进入体内发挥了巨大作用，而且能够激活巨噬细胞以进行有害物质的净化。这使得酵母beta-葡聚糖在帮助机体抗击感染或者帮助巨噬细胞清楚脚链或死亡细胞发挥了显著的作用。

There is another receptor, the CR3 receptor on leukocytes, which helps fight infections and tumors by binding to antibodies along with Beta glucan in such a way that both must be bound for an effect to take place. When Beta glucan and the antibody attach to the CR3 receptor on leukocytes, the result is a destruction of a particular pathogen or tumor cell.

另外一个受体是白细胞上的CR3受体。白细胞通过与beta-葡聚糖一起结合到抗体上，有助于抗击感染和肿瘤。一旦beta-葡聚糖和抗体结合到白细胞的CR3受体上，就会摧毁特定的病原菌和肿瘤细胞。

This has serious implications and means that doctors using the monoclonal antibody protocol against a tumor cell. There would be marked regression of the tumor site using our own body’s antibodies (or added antibodies) along with Beta glucan attaching to the receptor site.

Beta glucan has binding sites to similar receptors on human monocytes, activating them as part of the immune system. Immune cells, such as neutrophils, release leukotrienes which are active in the infection-fighting process. Beta glucan is known to be a part of this activation.

在医生使用单克隆抗体抗击肿瘤细胞时，这具有深刻的意义。在使用我们自身的抗体（或外加抗体）和beta-葡聚糖一起结合到受体位置时，能够明显的发现肿瘤细胞的退化。

Beta-葡聚糖具有和人体单核细胞受体类似的结合位点，以激活他们。免疫细胞，如中性粒细胞，能够释放具有抗感染作用的白三烯。已经证明beta-葡聚糖对应这种激活发挥了部分作用。

Yeast Beta glucanhas a potential role in the prevention of sepsis following surgery, in radiation injury, in cancer irradiation and in the prevention of pathogenic infections. The data is very strong and has been determined down to the biochemical level—no small feat when it comes to alternative medicine research.

酵母beta-葡聚糖在预防伤口腐败、辐射损伤、肿瘤放疗和致病菌感染方面具有潜在的功效。试验数据非常给力，而且测定已进入到生物化学水平。

很明显，燕麦和大麦来源的beta-葡聚糖并没有酵母beta-葡聚糖相同的功效。同时，蘑菇beta-葡聚糖具有和酵母beta-葡聚糖相类似的功效，但研究同时也显示蘑菇来源的beta-葡聚糖并没有酵母来源的beta-葡聚糖那么高效。

It appears that Beta glucan that is derived from oats and barley has none of the same effects of yeast Beta glucan. While mushroom Beta glucan has similar effects when compared to yeast Beta glucan, the research as to the biochemical action of mushroom-derived Beta glucan is not as advanced as it is with yeast-derived Beta glucan.

It’s important to remember that research studies have been done on high grade, very pure extracted Beta glucan from Baker’s yeast. When you choose the Beta glucan that’s right for you, be sure to ask not only about its origin but about the purity level you are going to buy. Buy only that product which is, at a minimum, an 80 percent Beta 1, 3-D glucan purity level.

The greatest problem with yeast derived beta glucan is the quality issue. Much controversy surrounds glucan products these days. This controversy centers around the quality issue(s) of purity level and molecular 1, 3-d linkage. In order to be effective the material must contain the proper 1, 3-d linkage.

更重要的是，这些研究是利用高质量的、纯度较高的面包酵母beta-葡聚糖。当你选择适合你的葡聚糖的时候，除了要咨询期来源外，还要咨询其含量。购买那些含有80%以上beta-1,3-葡聚糖的酵母beta-葡聚糖产品。

关于酵母beta-葡聚糖的更重要的问题是其质量。现如今许多厂家都可以提供葡聚糖，但这些厂家混淆了葡聚糖含量和beta-1,3-葡聚糖。为了更有效，这些产品必须包含beta-1,3连接的葡聚糖。

Many manufactures and marketers hide or do not apply these generally accepted peer reviewed quality standards to their manufacturing process. Proof of quality by independent verification is seldom made available to you, the consumer, or researchers. When proof of quality is requested, if available at all, in some instances it has required court orders. This site shows you what is considered the generally accepted peer reviewed "textbook" standards for quality, so you can become an educated researcher in the area of alternative health. Don’t use unproven, unbranded products, which can pose a risk to your health. To compare various products and to discover the "textbook" standards for quality - Click Here

许多厂家和市场隐藏了或没有引入这些通常认可的质量标准。并不能提供第三方的质量证明。

References:

1          Lefkowitz DL, et al. Effects of a glyconutrient on macrophage functions. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2000 Apr;22(4):299-308.

2          Palic D, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of beta-glucan on neutrophil function in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820). Dev Comp Immunol. 2005 Dec 21.

3          Misra CK, et al. Effect of multiple injections of beta-glucan on non-specific immune response and disease resistance in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2006 Mar;20(3):305-19.

4          Lehne G, et al. Oral administration of a new soluble branched beta-1,3-D-glucan is well tolerated and can lead to increased salivary concentrations of immunotherapy A in healthy volunteers. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006 Jan;143(1):65-9.

5          Li J, et al. Effects of beta-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on humoral and cellular immunity in weaned piglets. Arch Anim Nutr. 2005 Oct;59(5):303-12.

6          Marques A, et al. Immunostimulatory nature of beta-glucans and baker’s yeast in gnotobiotic Artemia challenge tests. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2006 May;20(5):682-92.

7          Czop JK, Austen KF. Generation of leukotrienes by human monocytes upon stimulation of their beta-glucan receptor during phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. “1985 May; 82(9):2751-5.

8          Taylor PR, et al. The beta-glucan receptor, Dectin-1, is predominately expresses on the surface of cells of the monocyte/macrophage and neutrophils lineages. J Immunol. 2002 Oct 1;169(7):3876-82.

9          Brown GD, Gordon S. Immune recognition. A new receptor for beta-glucans. Nature. 2001 Sep 6;413(6851):36-7.

10       Li J, et al, Effects if beta-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, and immunological and somatotropic responses of pigs challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides. J Anim Sci. 2006 Sep;84(9):2274-81.

11       Brown GD, et al. Dectin-1 is a major beta-glucan receptor on macrophages. J Exp Med. 2002 Aug 5; 196(3):407-12.

12       Herre J, et al. Dectin-1 and its role in the recognition of beta-glucans by macrophages. Mol Immunol. 2004 Feb;40(12):869-76.

13       Herre J, et al. The role of Dectin -1 in antifungal immunity. Crit Rev Immunol. 2004;24(3):193-203.