强调句型与定语从句及其他从句的辨析

 

一、强调句型与定语从句的区别

 在高中英语学习中，强调句型和定语从句是高中英语中两个重要的句型，是高考重要考点之一。学生在学习的过程中往往容易将两者混淆。

强调句(The Emphatic Pattern) 是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。通过各种方式对句子中的某个部分进行强调，从而起到修辞的作用。英语常用的强调结构有：

@ It is (was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+that/who...

@ 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词.定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出.如：

例1.（It's ）in the house （that） he lives.（强调句型）

例2.  It's the house where he lives.（定语从句）

那么，如何来判断这两个句子呢？下面我就结合学生在做题中所遇到的问题对强调句和定语从句进行区别：由it引导的句型结构，常可构成强调句或定语从句，两者极易混淆。一般来说，如果将it is/was...与连接词去掉，句子仍然正确，就为强调句型。这时，就选用that连接词;否则，就为定语从句，其关系词的选择，应根据先行词与从句的关系而定。

例1.It's in the house that he lives.

去掉（It's ）和（that）后是：

in the house  he lives.=He lives in the house.

例2.

It's the house where he lives.（不能是that）否则去掉后是：He lives the house.很明显这是错误的。

此例子如果去掉    It's 和 where之后  是： 

  the house  he lives=He lives the house.很明显这是错误的

比较：

(1)该句为强调句。表示地点的名词the house前有介词与其连用，说明它是一个完整的地点状语。如果将it is去掉：He lives in the house.它的意义仍然完整。故应选用连接词that构成强调句式 (注：强调地点状语时，不可用where连接)。

(2)该句为定语从句。表示地点的名词the house前没有介词与其连用，说明它不是一个完整的地点状语。如果将it is去掉：He lives the house..它的意义不完整。故应选用关系副词where或in which 构成定语从句结构。

我们再来分析一组例句：
例3.It is on the date that she went abroad.
例4.It is the date when (on which) she went abroad.
    比较：

例3分析句子结构可知，在表示时间的名词the date 前有介词与其连用，说明它是一个完整的时间状语。如果将it is去掉：She went abroad on the date.它的意义仍然完整。故应选用连接词that构成强调句式(强调时间状语时，不可用when连接)。

例4分析句子结构可知，在表示时间的名词the date 前没有介词与其连用，说明它不是一个完整的时间状语。如果将it is去掉：She went abroad the date.它的意义不完整。故应选用关系副词when或on which 构成定语从句结构。

以上语法知识点在高考语法填空和改错题型中是个高频考点

在高考高考语法填空和改错题型中的考试中，则出现了这样一个问题：强调句型易与定于从句混淆，导致解题出错。的确，“that”也是一个定语从句重要的关系词，且两者句子形式有时也十分相似。这里以一个高考试题为例：

例5.语法填空

It is 3:00 o’clock___ we usually have the meeting, so I have to go back to my company before 2:30pm.

A that     B when     C in which      D where

选项的问题集中在A\B两个选项上。换言之，解题的关键是判断这个句子到底是强调句还是定语从句。而这里有一个简单的方法供大家参考：如果将句子中的“it is…that…”部分去掉后，句子仍保持完整，则这是一个强调句型。反之则是定语从句。在上面的例子中，去掉“it is…that”这个部分后，句子转换成 we have the meeting 3:00 o’clock. 不难看出，这是个不完整的句子。3:00 o’clock前需要一个介词“at”。因此可以将其判断为定语从句，选择B选项 when.

如果这个句子是强调句型，则应该写作：

It is at 3:00 o’clock that we have a meeting.” 去掉“It is…that…”后句子变为“ we have a meeting at 3:00 o’clok.”仍能保持完整。

强调句型无疑是英语众多特殊句型中最为简单的一种：单纯的“It is__ that____”结构。只需要将被强调的部分放在“be”动词与“that”之间，其余的部分依次写在“that”之后就可以轻松构成强调句型，并能强调句子中除谓语动词意外的任何成分。

例6.

It was in the small house _________ was built with stones by his father _________ he spent his childhood.

A. which, that          B. that, which 

C. which, which      D. that, where

答案选A，填对此句的关键是要弄清第二空必须填 that，因为这是一个强调句，被强调部分为 in the small house (以及修饰它的定语从句 which was built with stones by his father)。又如：

例句7(1) It was the boy _________ had been in prison _________ stole the money.

A. who, where B. that, how C. who, that D. that, which

【分析】此题答案选C，全句为强调句，被强调成分是the boy (以及修饰它的定语从句who had been in prison)。

(2) It was just in the room _________ he was born _________ he died.

A. where, which B. that, that C. where, that D. which, that

【分析】此题答案选C，全句为强调句，被强调成分是in this room，where he was born 为修饰 the room 的定语从句。

强调句型不仅在各类考试的阅读文章中大量出现，并且如果能够熟练运用于口语和写作考试的话，还可以增加句型的多样性，使文章灵活多变，句意重点突出。是一种易于掌握且用途广泛的句型。

 

13. You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel ____ the coach picks up tourists. 天津卷2016

A. who       B. which         C. where     D. that

 

               二、 定语从句与其他易混句型例析及典型题目

 

一．定语从句与并列句（注意用标点符号和连接词and, but等来区别。）

1.Mr Li has three daughters, none of________ is an engineer.

2.Mr Li has three daughters, but none of__________ is a dancer.

3.Mr Li has three daughters; __________ are doctors.

答案：1.whom 2. them 3. None/They

二.  定语从句与地点状语从句（看是否有先行词，如果有，就是定语从句，如果没有，就是状语从句）

1.Rice doesn’t grow well _____ there is not enough water.

2.I still remember the farm_____   my parents worked ten years ago.

答案：1.where 2. where/on which

对比下面两个句子：

He left the key where he had been an hour ago.

He left the place where he lived for many years.

练习：The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands

      the famous tower.

     A. that         B. where         C. which         D. there

答案: B.

三. 定语从句与强调句

强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句型中去掉It be… that后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而定语从句去掉了It be… that后句子就不完整了。

1. It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met John at the airport.

It is the morning of May 1st _____ I met John at the airport.

2. It is in the factory _______John works.

It is the factory _______John works.

练习：3.It was 5 o’clock in the morning _____he arrived home.

答案:1. that ,when 2.that, where 3. where

四.  定语从句与结果状语从句

在定语从句中，若先行词被such 修饰时，关系词要用as, 组成such…as结构.这个结构与状语从句such…that…（如此…以致…）很相似，要注意区别。若从句中的及物动词后无宾语，就是定语从句， 用such…as.否则就是状语从句，用such…that.

1.I have the same computer _____you have.   ( as)

2. She is such a kind girl _____all of us like to make friends with her.   (that)

对比下面两个句子：   

He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect.

He is such a good teacher that we all love and respect him.

练习：It is such a good place _____everybody wants to visit _____it is well-known all over the world.  ( C)

A. which; that B. as ; as C. as ;that D. that; as

 

五.  定语从句与习惯句型.

注意固定句型：It is the first/second/third time that+ 从句（从句用现在完成时）

1.It is the first time ______she has been in Shanghai.

2.It was the time _______Chinese people had a hard life.

答案: 1.that 2.when

 

六.  定语从句与单句（注意标点符号。两个单句间用句号， 而定语从句两个句子间用逗号。）

1.The mother told the lazy boy to work, ____didn’t help

2.The mother told the lazy boy to work. _____didn’t help.

练习：3.There are 56 students in our class, most of ____are girls.

A.   which    B. whom   C.  them   D.  that

答案: 1. which 2. It  3. B

七.  定语从句与名词从句

1。定语从句与同位语从句的区别。

首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea, fact, thought, news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句

2。强调句型与主语从句的区别：强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句型中去掉It be… that后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而含主语从句的复合句中的it是指示代词，后面多为系表结构或被动语态。如果去掉It be…that，句子就不通顺了。

1.The news ______came from the front was true.

2.The news ______he won the game was true.

3.She was not ______she used to be.

4.The city is no longer a place _____ it used to be.

5._____ is known to us all, paper was first made in China.

6._____ is known to us all that paper was first made in China.

7. She was not the woman ______she used to be.

      The city is no longer _____it used to be.

答案: 1. that/which  2. that 3. what  4.that 5. As  6. It  7. that,what

 

 

 

 

典型练习50题：

1. I, ___your good friend, will try my best to help you out.

A.who is   B.who am  C.that is   D.which am

2. The old man has two sons, ___are lawyers.

A.both of them     B.both of who

C.both of whom    D.both of they

3. He is a man of great knowledge, ___much can be learned.

A.in whom   B.about whom  C.from whom D.of whom

4. I can tell you ___he told me last week.

A.all which    B.all what      C.that all     D.all that

5. Is oxygen the only gas ___helps fire burn?

A.that     B./   C.which     D.what

6. Air, ___we breathe every day, is around us all the time.

A.that     B./       C.which       D.it

7. This is the museum ____we saw an exhibition the other day.

A.that     B.which       C.where       D.in that

8. This museum is ___you visited the other day.

A.that      B.which      C.where       D.the one

9. This is the museum ___you saw the other day.

A.that    B.where         C.in which        D.in that

10. It is the third time ___late this month.

A.that you arrived     B.when you arrived

C.that you’ve arrived  D.when you’ve arrived

11. It was in 1969___the American astronaut succeeded in landing

on the moon.

A.that       B.which        C.in which        D.when

12..We often think of the days ___we spent together on the island.

A.when        B.which     C.in which   D.during which

13. Have you ever been to Shanghai, ____I left ten years ago?

A.where    B.which     C.that          D.when

14. He has left Beijing, ___a meeting is to be held.

A.when       B.where        C.as        D.which

15. This is the very place ___I’m wishing to live in.

A.where     B.which       C.that          D.in which

16.I have bought the same dress ____she is wearing.

A.as       B.that           C.which       Dthan

17.Can you solve such problems ___raised by the audience?

A.what were    B.as were       C.that were   D.which were

 

 

18.The reason ___he didn’t come was ____he was injured.

A.that,because   B.why,that    C.why, because   D.that, that

19.He must be from Africa, ____can be seen from his skin.

A.that    B.as       C.it           D.what

20.His father died last year, ____made it impossible for him to go abroad.

A.when       B.which         C.as        D.that

21.___is natural,he married Mary.

A.It       B.What   C.Which       D.As

22.The buses, ____were already full,were surrounded by an angry crowd.

A.most of them  B.most of which   C.which most    D.that most

23.All___is needed is a supply of oil.

A.the thing     B.that      C.what         D.which

24.He paid the boy 10 dollars for washing ten windows,most of ___had not been cleaned for years.

A.these   B.those   C.that    D.which

25.In the dark street,there wasn’t a single person ______she could turn for help.

A.that     B.who    C. from  whom  D.to whom

26. This is one of the means ____the electic energy is conducted from one place to another.

A.by which  B.by that  C.through which    D.through that

 

27. The place ___you are going to visit is the ruin of a place.

A.in which      B.at which      C.where       D.which

28. The factory ___I am going to is the place ___my mother used to

work many years ago.

A.where,where  B.where, which  C.which,where   D.that,which

29. Don’t do such things ___you are not sure about.

A.that          B.which          C.as           D.what

30. Rober is good at language, ____we all know.

A.because        B.for            C.as          D.since

31. China has hundreds of islands, ____we all know.

A.in which         B.at which         C.of which   D.which

32. She wrote a letter to her father, ___she made her secret known.

A.which    B.that      C.in which       D.where

33. She showed me the dictionary ___she paid a lot of money.

A.by which   B.to which    C.for which    D.on which

34. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ___family was poor.

A.of whom    B.whom        C.of whose     D.whose

 

答案：

      1－5 BCCDA  6-10CCDAC  11-15ABBBC 16-20ABBBB

      21-25 DBBDD  26-30ADCCC  31-35CCCDB 36-40ACDCA

      41-45 CAADA  46-50 CCDCD

 

 

三、定于从句与强调句型的辨析练习

 

1.  It was in the garden of his old house            he grew up         he dug up a pot of gold.

  A.that; that                   B.where; where   

  C.where; that               D.that; where

2．—Where did you meet him while in Beijing?

   —It was in the hotel         I stayed．

A．that          B．which          C．when       D．where

3．--- Where did you meet the famous actress?

   --- It was in the supermarket         we went shopping last Sunday.

     A．which                 B．that             C．where            D．there

4.—Where did you get to know her?

—It was on the farm                     we worked.

A.that                B.there                 C.which                       D.where

5. Some great people said it was their primary school teachers and their lessons        they were fond of              influenced their whole lives.

   A.which; that           B.that; which               

    C.which; which      D.that; that

6.   It was           Benazir Bhutto，former Pakistan Prime Minister，was leaving the rally that the suicide bomb happened，         the world felt sorry.

   A.when;for which          B.as;which           C.since;for which        D.after;which

7.  —On the contrary，I think it is the mother，rather than her children，      to blame.

  —I agree with you.

  A.what is           B.that is         C.who are           D.that are

8.I wonder if it was in the bookstore                I bought some books               I lost the keys.

   A.that;that              B.where;where    C.where;that        D.that;where

9.It was in the stone house              was built as a school by local villagers            the boy finished his primary school.

   A.which;that           B.that;where   C.which;which         D.that;which

10.It was on October 15              the Communist Party 17th Congress began，           was the biggest political meeting in five years.

A.which;that           B.what;which        C.which;who        D.that;which

11.   Is it Dave Williams           runs a website            he encourages people to protect the environment?

   A.who;that             B.that;which         C.who;where                     D.that;as

 

 

与强调句的区分

  1答案  C   2答案   D   3答案   C    4 答案  D解析  where在句中引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。

 

   5答案  D   6答案  A    7答案  B  8答案  C  9 答案  A    10答案  D   11答案  C

 

 1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains.

A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were

【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。

【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：

(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops.

A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are

(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station.

A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are

(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.

A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are

2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand”

A. that B. which C. where D. what

【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。

【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？

3. David is such a good boy _________ all the teachers like.

A. that B. who C. as D. whom

【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such … that …句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。

【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such … that … (如此……以至……)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such … that …，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下：as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为“所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him：

David is such a good boy _________ all the teachers like him.

A. that B. who C. as D. whom

请再做以下试题（答案选D）：

It was not such a good dinner _________ she had promised us.

A. like B. that C. which D. as

4. The buses, most of _________ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.

A. that B. it C. them D. which

【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses。

【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses。类似地，以下各题也选D：

(1) His house, for _________ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.

A. that B. it C. them D. which

(2) Ashdown forest, through _________ we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.

A. that B. it C. them D. which

(3) This I did at nine o’clock, after _________ I sat reading the paper.

A. that B. it C. them D. which

类似地，以下各题选 whom，不选 them：

(4) George, with _________ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.

A. that B. him C. them D. whom

(5) Her sons, both of _________ work abroad, will come back home this summer.

A. that B. who C. them D. whom

(6) I met the fruit-pickers, several of _________ were still university students.

A. that B. who C. them D. whom

5. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _________ invited to his wedding.

A. whom B. them C. which D. who

【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。

【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A。比较：

(1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _________ carried out in their work.

A. which B. them C. what D. that

答案选B，none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构，其中的 carried out 为过去分词

(2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _________ were carried out in their work.

A. which B. them C. what D. that

答案选A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were。

(3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _________ were carried out in their work.

A. which B. them C. what D. that

答案选B，由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but，使得该句成了一个并列句。

6. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking.

A. their B. whose C. which D. that

【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。

【分析】最佳答案是A。与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以下相似题：

(1) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents were seated together joking.

A. their B. whose C. which D. that

选B。whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated。

(2) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _________ parents were seated together joking.

A. their B. whose C. which D. that

选A。因为句中有并列连词and，整个句子为并列句。

(3) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents sitting together joking.

A. their B. whose C. which D. that

选A。their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。

(4) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents sat together joking.

A. their B. whose C. which D. that

选B。whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 sat。

(5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents were sitting together joking.

A. their B. whose C. which D. that

选B。whose parents were sitting together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting。

7. If the man is only interested in your looks, _________ just shows how shallow he is.

A. as B. which C. what D. that

【陷阱】容易误选A或B，误这是非限制性定语从句。

【分析】正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that，而不选 which：

(1) If you promise to go with us, _________ will be OK.

A. as B. which C. and it D. that

(2) If you want a double room, _________ will cost another ￡15.

A. as B. which C. what D. that

(3) Whether you go or not, _________ is quite all right with me.

A. that B. which C. and it D. so

(4) When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating.

A. as B. which C. what D. that