Words and expressions

Australia n.    澳大利亚      

footprint n. 脚印；足迹

wet adj. 湿的                

puddle n. 水坑

kick v. 踢                   

town n. 镇

blow v. 吹                   

everything  pron. 所有事物； 一切

trip n. 旅行                  

shine v. 照耀

brightly adv. 明亮地           

picnic n. 野餐

dry adj. 干的；干燥的         

snowy adj. 下雪多的

spend v. 花（时间）；度过     

relative n. 亲戚；亲属

during prep. 在……期间       

grandparent n. 祖父（母）；外祖父（母）

packet n. 小包装纸袋

 

take a trip 去旅行              

go on a picnic 去野餐

make snowmen 堆雪人         

fly kites 放风筝

go swimming 去游泳           

have a picnic 野餐

 

课文内容精析

1.  In spring, the weather starts to get warm.在春天，天气开始变暖。

(1) in spring在春天    介词in表示时间，用于早晨、上午、晚上，星期，月份，季节，年份等“一段时间”的前面。  

It’s hot in summer.

It’s cool              .

   (2) start意为“开始”，同义词为begin。start与begin均可接to do sth.或doing sth.，表示“开始做某事”，一般可互换。但下列情形中，要注意其区别:

 

①当谈论一项长期的习惯性的活动时，用动名词.

I start learning English.我开始学习英语。

                              .我开始练习跳舞。

 

 ②主语是物不是人时，用不定式。

The ice began/ started to met.    

It starts to snow.

 

 ③start/begin本身是ing形式时，后面接不定式。

I’m starting/ beginning to write the letter.  

I’m starting to cook the dinner.

 

④其后的动词与想法，感情有关时，多用不定式。

She began/ started to understand it.     

此外，start还有（机器）发动，创办，动身出发等含义。

 

   (3) get 作连系动词，意为“变得”，后常接形容词作表语。 

The weather starts to get cool.

 

         作实义动词，意为 “得到，收到” 

get a letter from sb.

= hear from sb.收到某人来信

 

get	表示进入或变为某种状态	常接形容词
become	多用于书面语中，强调的是由一种状态变为另一种	可接形容词和名词
turn	强调的是变得和以前完全不一样	多接形容词，接名词时零冠词
grow	指的是渐渐地变成，强调变化的过程	多接形容词，也能接过去分词
go	多用来表示进入某种状态，多接令人不悦的形容词	bad, mad, hungry, wrong

   例：

 

The wind is getting stronger and strong.  

I want to become a teacher.

 

When she saw me, her face turned red.   

The boy is growing thinner.

 

Eggs soon go bad in hot weather.

 

2. The wind blows gently.  

 

blow（过去式为blew）动词，意为“吹”。

gently是副词(形容词为gentle)，意为“温柔地，微微地”，修饰动词blow， 

The sun shines brightly.阳光明媚。

 

3.  It often rains.  

      这里的it指代“天气”，此外还可指代距离，时间等。  

often时间副词，一般置于行为动词之前，be动词或助动词之后。

 

I often go to school by bike.我经常骑自行车上学。  

He is often late for school.他经常上课迟到。

 

4. Everything turns green.  

everything不定代词，意为“所有事物，一切”，在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。everything作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

 

 Everything is ready. Let’s go. 一切都准备好了，我们走吧。   

Money isn’t everything. 金钱不是一切。

 

   turn green变绿，此处turn也是系动词,后面接形容词。

   His hair turns grey.他的头发变白了。

 

5. It is exciting to take a trip in spring. 在春天旅行是令人兴奋的。

  

take a trip意为“去旅行”

＝have a trip，此处，take表示“做……事情”，表示与该名词意义相关的动作。

 

   本句中使用了“It is +形容词+ to do sth.”的结构，意为“做某事是……样的”。

 

6. The Sun shines brightly.大阳明亮地照耀着。

   shine动词，“照耀”，其现在分词为“shining”，形容词为shiny“闪耀的，睛朗的，有光泽的”和shining“光亮的，华丽的”.  

 

The sun shines all day today. 今天整天阳光普照。

 

    brightly，副词，意为“明亮的”，形容词为“bright”.

  

The windows are bright.窗户是明亮的。

It’s a bright sunny day today.今天是个艳阳天。

 

7. Many people like to go to the beach and swim in the sea. 很多人都喜欢去海边，到海里游泳。 

 

like to do sth.= want to do sth.

very much= would like to do sth.想要做某事，指一次具体的行为。

   

like doing sth= enjoy doing sth.

= love doing sth.喜欢做某事

 

   试比较：

He likes cooking in his house.他喜欢在家里做饭。

           

He likes to cook in his house. 他想在家里做饭吃。

   go to the beach去海滩，去海边     

in the sea在海里

 

8. In autumn, everything changes. Leaves turn brown, red or yellow and start falling from the trees.在秋天，一切都会变化。树叶变成棕色，红色或黄色并开始从树上飘落。   

everything代词，意为“每件事，所有事情”，与单数动词连用。

 

turn+颜色, turn为感官动词，后面接形容词。

 

Everything begins to grow in spring. 

leaves是leaf“树叶”的复数形式。leave做动词，是“离开，出发”的意思。

leave for前往    

leave A for B 离开A地前往B地

 

9. It is nice to go on a picnic at this time of year because the weather is cool and dry.在每年这个时候去野餐是令人愉快的，因为天气凉爽、干燥。

 

   go on a picnic意为“去野餐”  

 

 I want to go on a picnic this afternoon.

   dry意为“干的，干燥的”，反义词是“wet”。

It’s a dry season.   

My hair is wet.   

Don’t get wet.别淋湿了。

 

at this time of year“在每年的这个时候”，注意year前不能加冠词或every, each等。

 

There is flower show at this time of year in the city.每年这个时候这个城市都会举办花展。

 

10. Winter is often cold and snowy.冬天经常寒冷多雪。

   snowy形容词，意为“下雪多的”，是由名词snow加y构成的。

   snow作不可数名词“雪”；作可数名词“一场雪”。

 

   Children love to play with snow.孩子们喜欢玩雪。  

It is a heavy snow.这是一场大雪。

   snow作动词，意为“下雪”。 

 

It is snowing heavily.雪正下得很大

11. Children love winter because they love to play in the snow孩子们喜欢冬天，因为他们可以 在雪地里玩耍。

 

love to do sth.与like to do sth.意思和用法相同。

love to do sth

= want to do sth.    强调一次具体的行为

 

love doing sth.强调习惯、爱好

= like doing sth.

= enjoy doing sth.

 

in the snow 在雪地里  

 

12. It is interesting to make snowmen.堆雪人是件有趣的事儿。

   make a snowman堆雪人，复数形式是make snowmen

   Children enjoy making snowmen in winter.孩子们喜欢在冬天里堆雪人。

 

13. People usually spend time with their relatives during the Spring Festival. 在春节期间，人们通常都是和亲戚一起度过。

 

  (1)spend 动词“度过”，

spend time with sb.意为“与某人一起度过时光”

I usually spend my free time with my best friend, Tom.

    此外，spend还有“花费，用（时间/金钱）”,其后常与介词in/on连用，主要用于以下句式：

 

人+spend+时间/金钱+ on sth. “某人花费多少时间/金钱在某事上”
人+ spend+时间/金钱+ (in) doing sth. 表示“花费多少时间/金钱做某事”

 

spend all day writing一整天都在写作      spend money on books花钱买书

They want to spend their summer holiday in the country.

They want to spend five years on the bridge.

She spends all day (in) learning English.

 

(2)during介词，“在……期间” 

 

the Spring Festival= the Chinese New Year

   Don’t speak during the meal.吃饭时别说话。

   during与in

1.强调动作或状态的持续性时用during，某一动作发生在某一时间段中的某一时间点用in.       During the three months he always asks a lot of questions.       We usually spend a holiday in July. 2.在季节名词前，用in是泛指，不用冠词；但是用during是特指，要用定冠词 the   Children enjoy flying kites in spring. We often go skating during the winter.   3.在表示一段时间的名词（如holiday, stay, visit, lesson, meal等）前，一般要用during   I went to see my uncle during my stay in Beijing.   I will visit my grandparents during the summer holidays.

 

Have a fan

1. What room has no walls, no doors, no windows, and no floors?   (mushroom)

2. The more you take away, the bigger I become. What am I?     ( A hole)

3.  Which can move faster, heat or cold? 

（ Heat, because you can catch cold easily）

4. Who is closer to you， your mom or your dad？爸爸和妈妈谁和你更亲？

 (father)

5. Why are girls afraid of the letter C ?  .

(Because it makes fat fact!)

Grammar

【语法精讲】

形容词

形容词是表示人或事物的性质、状态，一般置于它所修饰的名词之前作定语，或连系动词之后作表语。本单元主要讲解形容词在句中作定语，表语和用在“It is +adj.+to do sth”句型中。

一、形容词的用法

1、形容词作定语

(1)大多数形容词作定语修饰名词时，其位置在被修饰的名词前，说明名词的品质或特征。

   　　She is a tll girl.她是一个高个子女孩。It’s a black and white.它是一只黑白色相间的猫。

　　　 He is a good teacher.他是一名好老师。She is wearing a green coat.她穿着一件绿外套。

(2)但在下列情况下，形容词却放在它所修饰的名词之后。

　 a. 当被修饰的词是不定代词somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing等复合不定代词的形容词，作定语时要后置。

I would like something cheap.我想要点便宜的东西。　

There is nothing wrong with him.他没有错。

Is there anything new in that book?那本书里有什么新东西吗？　　

   b. 形容词短语作定语时，要放在所修饰的名词的后面。这些形容词短语多由“形容词+介词/不定式符号”构成。

　　　It’s a problem difficult to solve.这是个难以解决的问题。

      I think he is a man suitable for the job.我认为他是个适合做这项工作的人。

(3)enough等形容词修饰名词时可前置或后置。

　　　We have enough time/ time enough.我们有足够的时间。

　　　（注：形/副+ enough，此时enough 必须后置）

2、形容词作表语

　形容词作表语，常位于连系动词be(am, is, are), become, get, turn, look, keep, seem等词的后面，说明主语的特征、状态或身份。

   The food is delicious.这种食物美味可口。　The story is very interesting.这个故事很有趣。

　 Generally speaking, it is cold in the north, it is warm in the south.

一般来说，北方天气冷，南方天气暖和。

３、句型“It is +adj.（形容词）+to do sth.（不定式短语）”

　这个句型中，常用important, interesting, exciting, nice, easy, hard, good, useful, wrong, right, important等形容词。

   It is dangerous to climb this hill.爬这座山很危险。

　 It is interesting to play in the snow.在雪里玩是有趣的。

   It is important to listen to the teacher carefully in class.课堂上认真听老师讲课很重要。

　    a.此句型中，如果表语是kind, nice, right, wrong, clever, polite等描述性格、品质的形容词，则应在不定式前加of sb.　　“It is +adj. +of sb. + to do sth.”某人做某事是……

　　　  It is very kind of you to help me.你能帮我太好了。

　　　　It’s clever of you to do so.你这样做真聪明。

      b. 如果形容词表示“对某人而言”，描述的是事情的性质，可在动词不定式前加一个for sb　　　“It is +adj. +for sb. +to do sth.”对某人来说做某事是……

       It's difficult for us to finish the work.对我们来说，完成这项工作很困难。

　　　 It’s hard for me to answer your question.对我来说，要回答你的问题很难。

二、形容词变名词的方法

１、在名词后面加-y可以变成形容词（尤其是一些与天气有关的名词）

   rain—rainy多雨的，cloud—cloudy多云的，wind—windy有风的，snow—snowy下雪多的，health—healthy健康的，luck—lucky幸运的

注：如果名词以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母，这时应双写词尾的辅音字母再加-y。如sun—sunny晴朗的，fog—foggy有雾的，fun—funny有趣的；

　如果以不发音的字母e结尾的名词变为形容词时，应去掉e再加y。如：

noise—noisy吵闹的,　ice—icy冰冷

2、一些抽象名词在词尾加-ful可以变为形容词。

   care—careful小心的，thank—thankful感谢的，help—helpful有帮助的

３、一些表示国家的名词可以在词尾加-ese, -ish或-n构成表示国籍、语言的形容词。

　 China—Chinese，Japan—Japanese,   England—English,   America—American

４、在名词后加-ous变为形容词。 danger--dangerous

５、在名词后加-ly变为形容词。 friend—friendly, love—lovely(以-ly结尾的还有lonely, lively)

６、在名词后加-less构成含有否定意义的形容词。

　　care—careless粗心的, use—useless无用的

７、一些以-ence结尾的名词，把-ence改为ent变成形容词。

   difference—different不同的,   silence—silent安静的

即讲即练

【基础训练】

单项选择

（    ）1.Many people come to Hainan for winter holiday because it is        in Hainan in winter.

        A. cold         B. clean         C. warm         D. beautiful

（    ）2.My mother was slim when she was young. But now she is        .

        A. beautiful    B. tall          C. heavy        D. kind

（    ）3.Mr Young has a bad cold and he feels        .

        A. strong       B. happy         C. weak         D. excited

（    ）4.The mother was         when her daughter got a gold medal in the Olympic Games.

        A. angry        B. excited       C. exciting     D. sad

（    ）5.Don’t wash the vegetables in the river. The water is         .

        A. dirty        B. clean         C. wet          D. hot

（    ）6.It is          to play football on the busy street.

        A. wonderful    B. delicious     C. interesting D. dangerous

（    ）7.The baby was very         last night, so I couldn’t sleep.

        A. noisy        B. cute          C. young        D. crowded

（    ）8.I have to take a piano lesson and an art lesson on Saturday, but I’m

        on Sunday. I can go to the cinema with you on Sunday.

        A. busy         B. free          C. easy         D. different

（    ）9.Is your new home far away from or        to the school?

        A. close        B. comfortable   C. different    D. next

（    ）10.The tree is too        and the cat can’t get down.

        A. young        B. new           C. old          D. tall

 

一、写出下列单词的反义词。

1.good——                             2.easy——        

3.big——                              4.tall——        

5.thin——                             6.slim——        

7.clean——                            8.different——         

9.old——                              10.short——        

11.fast——                            12.high——        

13.beautiful——                       14.weak——        

15.black——          

【提高训练】

单项填空

1．He is        enough to carry the heavy box.

A. stronger　   B. much stronger　   C. strong　          D. the strongest

2．I bought        exercise-books with        money.

A. a few; a few       B. a few; a little   

C. a little; a few      D. a little; a little

3．The box is        heavy for the girl        carry.

A. too; to　B. to; too　C. so; that　    D. no; to

4．The ice in the lake is about one meter       . It’s strong enough to skate on.

A. long　B. high　  C. thick　 D. wide

5. Jone looks so _______ today because she has got an “A” in her maths test.

A. happy  B. happily  C. angry  D. angrily

6. The smile on my father’s face showed that he was ______ with me.

A. sad  B. pleased  C. angry  D. sorry

7. The day is bright and ______. Let’s go for a walk.

   A. sunny     B. dark      C. cloudy     D. windy

8. The ice in the lake is about one meter ______. It’s strong enough to skate on.

A. long       B. high     C. thick     D. wide

9. -Can you speak Chinese, Peter ? -Yes, but only ______.

A. little      B. few        C. a little     D. a few

10. Some young people are now ______ to buy private cars.

A. rather rich   B. very rich    C. rich enough    D. enough rich

12. Don’t go out. It’s raining ______.

A. quickly      B. heavily      C. loudly     D. hardly

13. - We are going to see a film this evening. Why not go with us?

       - I have to do many things this evening. I’m ______, you see.

A. free       B. glad        C. sorry      D. busy

14. Look ! ______ beautiful that lake is !

A. What       B. How       C. How a     D. What a

15 - I’m sure I’ve got a bad cold.     - Take this medicine, and you’ll feel ______.

A. healthy     B. best       C. good     D. much better

16. The ______ boy was taken to the nearest hospital.
A. ill            B. sick       C. good        D. clever

17. We are ______ of the work.
A. ill         B. sick         C. full          D. filled

18. He has not been at school, because he is ______.
A. ill      B. well         C. fine           D. nice

19. At last it made them ______.
A. happily    B. quickly       C. friendly      D. slowly

20. We had a ______ meal yesterday evening.
A. lively     B. likely         C. lovely         D. love

21. It is raining hard. He is __ ____ to be late.
A. lovely     B. likely'        C. lively         D. friendly

22. I This book is very good. It ______ buying.
A. worths     B. is worth          C. worth      D. is worthing

23. The film is very interesting. It is worth ______ a second time.
A. seeing       B. see           C. to see       D. seen

24. I like ______, but I dislike ______.
A. skating, swim    B. skate, swimming   C. to skate, skate    D. skating, swimming

25. I have worked on the problem, so I am feeling tired and ______.
A. asleep       B. sleepy          C. sleeping        D. sleep

26. He lay on the floor and fell ______.
A. sleepy      B. sleeping        C. awake          D. asleep

27. Who is ______ in the next room?
A. asleep        B. sleep         C. sleeping          D. sleepy

28. We have ______ time to do it better.
A. not      B. no          C. no a           D. not a

29. We have ______ water to wash clothes.
A. not any   B. no          C. not a            D. no any

30. I only want to say that I am ______ fool.
A. not any   B. no a         C. no            D. no any

31. Mary's mother bought a ______ coat for her yesterday.                                                                 A. new big blue silk     B. new blue silk big

C. new silk blue big     D. blue silk new big

32. My hometown has ______ bridge.
A. a stone old fine   B. an old stone fine   C. a fine old stone   D. an old fine stone

33. That's really silly ______.
A. of you to say so   B. for you to say so   C. of you saying so   D. for you saying so

34. It's important ______ exercise every morning.
A. of you to take    B. for you to take      C. of you taking     D. for you

35. You must drive ______ next time, or there may be another accident.

A. more carefully   B. carefully            C. careful          D. more careful

小学语法集结号（专题讲）

 

【专题十】：形容词或副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则：

1）  一般直接加er和est

2）  以e结尾的词加r和st

3）  有些单词要双写词末的辅音字母再加er和est

4）  辅音字母 + y结尾的单词变 y 为 i 再加er和est

5）  多音节词和部分单音节词在前面加more和most

6）  特殊变化

7）  比较级前面可以加much或a lot表示“…得多”，加a little表示“一点点”

巩固练习

二、  写出这些形容词或副词的比较级和最高级

1）fast——         、               2）short——         、       

3）big——         、                4）thin——        、       

5）large——         、              6）white——         、      

7）good——        、                8）many——         、       

9）beautiful——                      、                        

10）boring——                       、                       

11）slowly——                       、                        

12）interesting——                       、                         

13）important——                        、                         

14）well——         、              15）tired——         、       

16）heavy——         、         

 

三、  用括号里所给的形容词的适当形式填空

1）This book is            ,but that one is                             than this one.（interesting）

2）Miss White told us four stories this week. The one about the little pig is the

          of the four.（good）

3）Yongxian is           than Jiamin. Yongxian is the           boy in his class.（tall）

4）This peach tree has           peaches than the other trees in the garden.（many）

5）A dog runs           than a sheep, a horse runs          than a dog. A horse runs very           .Horses run            of all the farm animals.（fast）

6）My mother swims very           .My father swims          than my mother. But I swim          in my family.（well）

【专题十一】

一般过去时
1．一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作感谢。
2．Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：
⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasn’t）
⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=weren’t）
⑶带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。
3．句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子
   否定句：didn’t +动词原形，如：Jim didn’t go home yesterday.
   一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。
如：Did Jim go home yesterday?
   特殊疑问句：⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？
如： What did Jim do yesterday?
⑵疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式？
如：Who went to home yesterday?
动词过去式变化规则：
1．一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2．结尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted
3．末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped
4．以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied

初一英语不规则动词的过去式

序号	动词原形	动词的过去式	备注	序号	动词原形	动词的过去式	备注
1	come	came		40	begin	began
2	go	went		41	drink	drank
3	do	did		42	give	gave
4	see	saw		43	ring	rang
5	have	had		44	sing	sang
6	hear	heard		45	swim	swam
7	eat	ate		46	sit	sat
8	leave	left		47	feel	felt
9	run	ran		48	fall	fell
10	fly	flew		49	find	found
11	hold	held		50	stand	stood
12	be	was/were		51	understand	understood
13	bring	brought		52	shake	shook
14	think	thought		53	take	took
15	buy	bought		54	make	made
16	fight	fought		55	wake	woke
17	teach	taught		56	meet	met
18	catch	caught		57	choose	chose
19	grow	grew		58	get	got
20	know	knew		59	forget	forgot
21	throw	threw		60	ride	rode
22	show	showed		61	rise	rose
23	say	said		62	win	won
24	pay	paid		63	write	wrote
25	spend	spent		64	shine	shone
26	lend	lent		65	wear	wore
27	send	sent		66	dream	dreamed/ dreamt
28	build	built		67	mean	meant
29	tell	told		68	learn	learned/learnt
30	sell	sold		69	let	let
31	spell	spelled/spelt		70	cost	cost
32	smell	smelled/smelt		71	read	read
33	keep	kept		72	put	put
34	sleep	slept		73	steal	stole
35	speak	spoke		74	draw	drew
36	break	broke		75	hide	hid
37	lie	lay
38	lie（撒谎）	lied
39	lay	laid