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Grammar新编英语语法(下）
(2012-09-21 17:26:26)
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Grammar新编英语语法(下）
Lecture
13
the books to be published
the books being published
the books
published
§1. Infinitive
I.
Active
Simple
Perfective
Progressive
Perfective Progressive
1.
The Aspect of the infinitive indicates the sequence of the actions
of the infinitive and the verb of the main clause.
1）
I had to pretend to be a man in order to get a job.
Reporters are sent to cover the event.
2）
They are said to have discussed the problem.
☻be, wish, hope, mean, intend, plan 等动词的过去式以及would like, should
like与动词不定式的完成体连用，表示过去想做而未做的事
I wished to have helped you, but I had no money then.
I intended to have seen you last week, but I was very busy.
He would like to have attended the meeting, but he was ill.
3）
The police are reported to be searching for the man who robbed the
bank.
2.
The voice of the infinitive indicates the relationship between the
infinitive and its logical subject.
1)
active voice is used when the logical subject is the agent of the
action of the infinitive, while passive voice is used when the
logical subject is the recipient of the action of the
infinitive.
He doesn’t like to be treated like a guest.
These books are not allowed to be taken out of the
reading-room.
It is very dangerous for children to play with fire.
2)
a.
The question to be discussed at the next meeting will be a hard nut
to crack.
He was the last guest to arrive.
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
This is the best book on the subject to appear this year.
b.
Give me a list of people to invite / to be invited.
The procedure to follow / to be followed is this.
The man to consult / to be consulted is Mr Johnson.
c.
I have got a lot of letters to write.
We’ve got a lot of cases to investigate.
Compare:
Secretary: I have got a lot of letters to type. (“I” is the agent
of “type”)
Boss: I have got a lot of letters to be typed. (“I” is not the
agent of “type”)
3)
a.
There is no time to lose / to be lost.
b.
There is a lot of work to do.
c.
There was nothing to see. (There was nothing for one to see)
There was nothing to be seen. (The thing being looked for was not
there.)
There is nothing to do.
There is nothing to be done. (We can do nothing.)
There is only one thing to do. (We have only one thing to
do.)
There is only one thing to be done. (We have no other ways.)
4)
This house is to let.
You are not to blame for what happened.
A lot remains to do.
5)
The question is difficult to answer.
The road is busy to cross.
II.
1.
occasions on which bare infinitives are used
1）
2）
3）
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, may / might (just
) as well, cannot but, cannot help but, etc.
4）
5）
6）
7）
8）
9）
10）
11）
12）
13）
3.
1）
George says that he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think
he really wants to.
You may go if you wish to.
2）
3）
4.
1）
I intend to call on him and discuss this question again.
2）
To be or not to be, that is the question.
3）
Please go to the seaside to swim, to get suntanned.
4）
The student must learn to read extensively, to analyze what he
reads and to summarize the main points presented.
5.
1)
add to, agree to, adhere to, admit to, allude to, amount to, attend
to, attest to, bow to, cling to, come to, correspond to, confess
to, consent, contribute to, get to, object to, pertain to, react
to, resort to, revert to, refer to, relate to, submit to, stick to,
take to, witness to, yield to
☻agree, swear, come, get + to + do / doing:
agree to do: 听从别人而同意
agree to doing: 同意，答应，允诺
We agreed to do it.
Mary’s father has agreed to her marrying John.
swear to do: 发誓做某事
swear to doing: 强调地说
He swore to tell the truth.
He swore to having paid for the goods.
come to do: 终于…
come to doing: 到达，涉及到
He came to realize that he was mistaken.
When it comes to helping his wife with the housework, John never
grumbles.
get to do: 达到某一阶段
get to doing: 开始做某事
When you get to know him, you’ll like him.
Lying in bed, unable to sleep, I got to thinking how nice it would
be to go away and start a new life somewhere else.
2)
ascribe … to, apply … to, attribute … to, abbreviate…to, accustom …
to, commit … to, devote …to, dedicate … to, owe … to, prefer … to,
reconcile … to, reduce … to, resign … to
3)
be accustomed to, be abbreviated to, be reduced to, be resigned to,
be reconciled to, be devoted to, be given to, be used to
4)
feel up to
5)
adjacent to, averse to, deaf to, equal to, loyal to, preferable to,
similar to, superior to, sensitive to, tantamount to
6)
obstacle to, limit to, aid to, objection to, indifference to, key
to, answer to, hinderance to
7)
according to, as to, owing to, preliminary to, preparatory to,
previous to, prior to, thanks to, in addition to, in relation to,
with a view to, with an eye to
III.
1.
This type of SVC pattern is characterized by the fact that the
subject of the main clause is also the logical subject of the
infinitive. The adjectives occurring in this pattern are all
dynamic adjectives.
1)
He is glade to help others.
He was very pleased to be given the job.
I’m sorry to be late.
I was surprised to see how angry he was.
2)
He was lucky to be able to find a job.
He was fortunate to escape being injure in the accident.
She was unlucky not ot win the game.
3)
He is anxious to see her.
I’m determined to finish the work tonight.
We are ready to make the attempt.
If the subject of the main clause is not the logical subject of the
infinitive, the logical subject should be expressed with an
introductory for
I’m quite willing for your brother to come with me.
I’m afraid for her to go swimming alone.
4)
He is foolish to meet her again.
She was careless to bread the cup.
You are kind to say so.
They were thoughtful to come home early.
☻These sentences can be transformed into a corresponding
IT-pattern.
It is foolish for him to meet her again.
It was thoughtful of them to come home early.
2.
In this type of SVC pattern, the subject of the main clause is the
logical object of the infinitive. The adjectives are generally
stative adjectives.
That question is difficult to answer.
This car is expensive to overhaul.
Dirty water is nasty to drink.
She is pleasant to talk to.
☻These sentences can be transformed into an anticipatory
IT-construction:
It is difficult to answer that question.
It is nasty to drink dirty water.
☻But there are constructions of the same type that cannot be so
transformed:
The coffee is bitter to taste.
They are attractive to look at.
The box is heavy to move.
The river is narrow to sail up.
3.
In this type, the subject of the main clause may be the logical
subject or logical object of the infinitive. The adjectives used in
this structure are usually the ones showing difficulty or easiness,
quickness or slowness. In most cases, the adjective can be turned
into a corresponding adverb in deep structure.
These books are easy to sell.
=It is easy to sell these books.
=These books sell easily.
He was hesitant to take action.
=He took action hesitantly.
He is quick to take offence.
=He takes offence quickly.
☻for v.s of
It was good of you to go jogging with me. (You were kind to do
that.)
It was good for you to go jogging with me. (It was a good, healthy
experience for you.)
IV.
1.
2.
1)
Jim was the last guest to arrive.
Have you got a key to unlock the door.
2)
He has a large family to support.
This is the best book to read.
In the case of an intransitive infinitive, an appropriate
preposition should be added.
The boy needs a friend to play with.
There is nothing to talk about.
3)
The boy had an impulse to jump over the fence.
I have no wish to quarrel with you.
3.
1)
The doctor made a bold attempt to save / at saving the child’s
life.
They made an effort to finish / at finishing the work in one day,
but they failed.
The liberated people will have the freedom to choose / of choosing
their own social system.
2)
ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, disposition,
mind, obligation, permission, refusal, reluctance, temptation,
tendency, wish, etc
They have the ability to produce nuclear weapons.
They signed an agreement to rent the house.
He is under no obligation to do that.
Her refusal to accept his offer of help is really
disappointing.
Wood has a tendency to swell if it gets wet.
3)
hope, method, aptitude, delay, difficulty, excuse, experience,
interest, genius, habit, idea, motive, objection, passion, plan,
possibility, skill, success
Edison had a great aptitude for inventing new things.
Have you had much experience in teaching English?
There is no hope of winning the game.
We must improve our method of teaching foreign languages.
A hundred years ago, few people believed in the possibility of
flying.
4.
Columbus was believed to be the first person to set foot on the
American continent
I’m afraid he is the only person to consult about your
illness.
The best way to deal with him is not to give an inch. If you do,
he’ll tale a food.
This was the last play to be performed that year.
V.
1.
agree, aim, apply, arrange, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire,
determine, endeavour, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pledge,
prepare, pretend, profess, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear,
threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow
We agreed to start early.
=We agreed that we would start early.
I hope to be able to come.
=I hope that I’ll be able to come.
2.
1）
see, hear, watch, feel, etc.
2）
have, let, make, etc.
3）
arrange for, ask for, rely on, etc.
4）
consider, declare, find (= consider), prove, think, believe,
discover, feel (= think), imagine, judge, suppose, understand,
etc.
☻In this case, the infinitive after verbs is invariably “to
be”.
☻After such verbs as consider, declare, find, prove, think, the
infinitive “to be” can be omitted.
☻If the infinitive “to be” is in the perfective form, then it
cannot be omitted.
☻In view of the fact that the noun or pronoun in this context may
be viewed as the object of the finite verb that goes before or as
the logical subject of the infinitive that follows, an alternative
construction with a that-clause is available for
interpretation,
5）
advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend, require, urge, etc.
☻Some verbs such as recommend, require, urge may also be followed
by by a that-clause.
☻Verbs such as advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend can also be
followed directly by an –ing participle as object.
She advised us to give up smoking.
She advised giving up smoking.
3.
1）
Do you intend to make a long stay here?
We didn’t intend them to act like that.
Do you like to play chess?
I like people to tell the truth.
2）
3）
VI.
1.
1）
a.
I hope to be able to come.
The best thing would be to tell every body.
He has a large family to support.
All she seems to do is (to) gossip with her neighbours.
b.
To be frank, you need a great deal of courage.
To begin with, I think you are wrong.
To tell the truth, I forgot all about your request.
To put it bluntly, that student is sure to fail.
Feorge is a very good boy, to be sure.
2）
a.
The best thing would be for you to tell everybody.
It’s very kind of you to help me.
He knew that with him to help, she could and would succeed.
Rather than you do the job, I prefer to finish it myself.
b.
We shall assemble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at
precisely eleven.
3）
a.
When and where to hold the meeting has not been decided .
That is a real problem. I don’t know what to do.
We were discussing how to improve our English teaching.
The tour guide didn’t tell the tourists when to be back at the
coach.
Our difficulty is where to get enough food.
There is the problem of how to keep in touch with each other by
E-mail.
I had no idea where to buy food in the Disney Parks.
b.
He opened his lips as if to say something.
2.
1）
To compromise appears advisable.
To lean out of the window is dangerous.
To stop the work now seems impossible.
Most often, the anticipatory IT-construction is used, in which “it”
is used at the beginning of the sentence as an anticipatory subject
while the real subject which is the infinitive is placed at the
end.
It’s hard /difficult to say which is better.
It’s an honour to meet you.
It cost a lot of money to build this museum.
It’s against my principles to collaborate with them.
2）
He agreed to pay for the car.
They failed to fulfill the plan.
The soldiers refused to surrender.
Occasionally, the infinitive which is used as the object can be put
at the end of the sentence while “it” can be used as the formal
object.
I have long had it in mind to answer your letter.
She took it on herself to apologize to me.
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
He thought it best to be on his guard.
3）
Her ambition was to be a film star.
Mary’s task is to set the table.
Smokers are persuaded to give up smoking.
Did you see anyone enter the house?
My boss told me to type out two letters.
4）
5）
a.
a)
She stood up to be seen better.
b)
He opened the window in order to / so as to get some fresh
air.
He left early in order not to / so as not to miss the train.
☻ “in order to” can be placed both at the beginning and at the end
of the sentence, while “so as to” is usually used at the end
b.
to-infinitive, so … as to, such …as to, enough to, too…to, only
to
In 1935 he left home never to return.
His work was so good as to make him well-known in the city.
His indifference was such as to make all despair.
It was cold enough to freeze our fingers.
This coffee is too hot to drink.
They hurried to the station only to find the train had already
left.
☻Only to, denoting a disappointing sequel, is usually found with
verbs such as “find, hear, be told”
☻ “too…to…” usually has a negative meaning, but it may take a
positive meaning in the following cases:
—
He is too ready to come.
She is too easy to get along with.
They are too anxious to know the news.
—
We are only too willing to do it for you. 我们非常愿意为你去做那事。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
—
He is too wise not to solve the problem. 他非常聪明必能解决这个问题。
—
It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）
c.
As an adverbial of cause, infinitive clauses generally collocate
with adjectives or verbs denoting emotion or fortune
I am delighted to know that you have got a job.
She wept to see him in such a terrible state.
d.
As an adverbial of condition, the infinitive clause is usually
found at the beginning of a sentence, but the negative one is
usually at the end. The predicate verb of the main clause usually
contains auxiliaries like can, must, would, should, will, shall,
etc.
You will not succeed not to get her support.
To hear him talk, you would think he was a celebrity.
§2. –ing Participle
I.
Active
simple
Perfect
II.
1.
Admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate, appreciate, avoid, can’t
help, can’t resist, can’t stand, consider, contemplate, defer,
delay, deny, detest, dislike, don’t mind, ensure, enjoy, escape,
excuse, evade, facilitate, fancy, favour, finish, give up, imagine,
include, keep (on), mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put
off, resent, report, risk, stop, suggest
☻Some of the verbs listed above such as acknowledge, admit,
advocate, anticipate, appreciate, deny, fancy, imagine, suggest,
mean, mention, propose, recall, recollect, understand, etc. can
also take a corresponding that-clause as object.
2.
Some verbs can be followed either be an –ing form or by an
infinitive
1）
a.
dread, like, love, prefer, dislike, hate, etc
-ing: general act
infinitive: specific act
☻prefer to do / doing
prefer doing to doing
prefer to do rather than do
☻like / love / hate / prefer + to do / doing
b.
begin, start, cease, continue
-ing participle: 有意识的开始或停止做某事
to do: 情况发生变化
only followed by “infinitive” when:
c.
passive infinitive = active –ing participle
2）
verbs
forget, remember, regret
stop, leave off
go on
different
verb
meaning
3.
III.
1.
see, observe, notice, watch, hear, smell, listen to, look at, feel,
find, etc.
2.
catch, get, keep, leave, set, start, have
IV.
1.
talk…into…, shame…into…, mislead…into…, cheat…into…,
blackmail…into…, fool…into…, deceive…into…, trap…into…,
surprise…into…, trick…into…, cajole…into…, coerce…into…,
beguile…into…
2.
stop… from…, prevent… from…, keep… from…, hinder… from…, restrain…
from…, save… from..,.
The preposition from can sometimes be omitted, except that the
finite verb occurs in the passive.
3.
thank…for…
punish…for …
4.
congratulate…on...
charge…with…
accuse…of…
V.
1.
It’s no good feeling sorry for yourself. It’s all your own
fault.
It’s no good trying to persuade me. You won’t succeed.
There’s nothing you can do about the situation, so it’s no use /
good worrying about it.
2.
3.
There’s very little point in protecting the poor condition of light
in the classroom.
4.
There is no denying that she is very efficient. 她效率高是不容否认的。
There was no knowing when he would be back. 不知道他什么时候回来。
5.
Is it worth running such a risk?
The Stone Forest is worth seeing.
6.
Did you have any difficulty getting a visa?
I’m sure you’ll have no trouble passing he oral exam.
7.
It was a waste of time reading that novel. It was rubbish.
It’s a waste of money buying things you don’t really need.
8.
I spent hours trying to fix the machine.
She wastes a lot of time daydreaming.
9.
I’ve been busy translating a book into Chinese.
10.
11.
VI.
1.
1）
a.
One of my bad habits is biting nails.
He denied having been there.
I have a friend living in London.
I heard him singing in the next room.
Beating a child will do more harm than good.
b.
Judging from what you say, he has done his best.
Generally speaking, this book is not very difficult.
Considering everything, it wasn’t a bad holiday.
Supposing there was a war, what would you do?
Taking everything into account, they ought to be given another
chance.
2）
An –ing participle clause may sometimes be introduced by a
subordinator. The logical subject of this type of –ing participle
clause is generally identical with the subject of the main
clause.
When sleeping, I never hear a thing.
He wrote his greatest novel while working as an ordinary
seaman.
Whether waking or sleeping, the subject is always in his
mind.
Though understanding no Greek, Charles was able to communicate with
them.
3）
a.
Do you mind my / me making a suggestion?
My parents object to me / my going out alone.
I’m annoyed about John / John’s forgetting to pay.
John doesn’t like the idea of my / me being mixed up in this
affair.
Your / You falling into the river was the climax of the whole
trip.
It helped them to make friends quickly, his being the only doctor
in the village.
It’s no use your pretending to be deaf.
☻the case of the logical subject
Your coming to help is a great encouragement to me.
Jane’s not having received proper training was to her
disadvantage.
I strongly object at your saying that.
They’re looking forward to Mary’s coming.
I don’t mind Flora leaving home.
I don’t remember my mother complaining about it.
I was afraid of the tent falling down during the night.
There is necessity for more houses being built.
She was awakened by someone knocking at the door.
Is there any likelihood of this being true?这可能是真的吗?
The leader insisted on Li Ming, Wang Hai and Zhang Fan attending
the meeting.
Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a
little louder? 屋子后边的人讲话声能大一点吗？
The teacher caught the students smoking in the classroom.
We saw him walking in the street.
b.
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
The report having been read, a lively discussion began.
So many members being absent, the meeting adjourned.
2.
1）
Reading French is easier than speaking it.
Seeing is believing.
☻不定式与-ing分词作主语一般来说差别不大，有时两者可以互换，但按照传统语法来说，-ing分词表示一般性的习惯、爱好或抽象动作，动词不定式表示具体的、一次性的动作。
Smoking is prohibited here.
It’s not very good for you to smoke so much.
A postman’s duty is delivering mails.
Your task this morning is to deliver the papers to Professor
Smith.
2）
He admitted taking the money.
I don’t anticipate meeting any opposition.
3）
The only thing that interests him is dancing.
I saw flames rising and heard people shouting.
4）
Don’t disturb the sleeping child.
You may ask the lady sitting at the desk.
5）
Hearing the knock on the door, they stopped talking. (time)
Having worked hard all day, I was ready for bed by eight o’clock.
(cause)
The hunters fired, wounding one of the wolves. (result)
Studying hard, you will pass the exam. (condition)
Knowing all this, they still insisted on my paying for the damage.
(concession)
They stood there waiting for the bus. (accompanying
circumstances)
§3. –ed Participle
I.
Passive
Simple
Progressive
Perfect
II.
1.
denote: 1) a passive meaning / passiveness
2.
retired, escaped, faded, withered, fallen, expired, risen,
returned, vanished, grown
denote: the sense of completion / completeness
3.
Some –ed participles can not be used alone as premodifiers unless
they are combined with “un-“ or when they are combined with an
adverb to form a compound.
1）
uninvited, untold, unheard-of, undetermined, unedited,
unexpected,
2）
badly-built, far-fetched,, highly-developed, newly-born,
half-baked, properly-started, well-behaved, widely-travelled,
newly-arrived
4.
-ing
activeness
incompleteness
III.
1.
SVC: vi. + -ed participle
appear, be, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look
2.
SVOC: vt. + obj. + -ed participle
1）
have, get, keep, leave, make
2）
see, hear, feel, fink, think, etc.
3）
I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the
meeting.
IV.
Original form
bend
bless
bind
drink
light
melt
rot
shave
shrink
sink
§4.
Non-finite Clause
I.
1.
1）
I hope to be able to come.
One of my bad habits is biting nails.
Beating a child will do more harm than good.
The castle, burnt down in 1485, was never rebuilt.
2）
to be frank, to begin with, to tell the truth, to put it bluntly,
to be sure
judging from, generally speaking
3）
considering that 因为，考虑到
seeing that 因为，既然
notwithstanding that 尽管
admitting / allowing / assuming / granting that 即使，尽管
granted that
即使
provided that 如果，只要
They started their trip notwithstanding that it rained heavily.
尽管天下了大雨，他们还是动身去旅行了。
He knows much of the world seeing that he is only twelve years old.
他对人生世事知道得相当多了，因为他才12岁。
Admitting that she has made a mistake, you should forgive her.
即使她犯了错误，你也应原谅她。
Granted that he is drunk, that is no excuse. 即使他醉酒了，那也不是借口。
Provided that one is diligent and patient, one can achieve
something. 一个人只要勤奋有耐心，就能干成一番事业。
2.
1）
The best thing would be for you to tell everybody.
He knew that with him to help, she could and would succeed.
Rather than you do the job, I’d prefer to finish it myself.
2）
3）
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving
at precisely eleven.
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
The job finished, we went home straight away.
3.
I don’t know what to do?
He opened his lips as if to say something.
When sleeping, I never hear a thing.
Even if invited, I won’t go.
II.
subject
object
complement
nonrecurring act
repeated act
active
passive
modifier
future act
active
passive
adverbial
purpose
result
cause
time
result
cause
accompanying
time
cause
accompanying
1. As complements
I saw a soldier getting on the train.我看见士兵在上火车。
I saw a soldier get on the train and
disappeared.我看见士兵登上了火车，消失了。
Do you hear door bell ringing?门铃在响你听见了吗？
Yes, I did. I heard it ring three times.是的，我听见门铃响了三下。
She heard the door slamming.她听见门在砰砰作响。
She heard the door slam.她听见门砰的一声关上了。
2. As modifiers
the house to be built
the house being built
the house built last year
3. As adverbials
不定式 v.s. 分词 作状语：
一般来说，不定式分句作状语表示目的或结果，而分词分句却很少有这种用法。
I have to come back before five to drive her to the airport.
He went to the United States to further his study of economic
management.
She risked her life to find nothing.
I waited for two hours only to be told to come the next day.
在表示心情和运气好坏的动词和形容词之后，一般用不定时分句作表示原因的状语；而分词短语表示原因时，常常位于句首，并用逗号与句子隔开。
I am very sorry to hear the bad news.
We were surprised to find her still here.
Born and bred a countryman, he is not used to the city life.
Having no interesting American literature, he didn’t go to the
lecture.
一般用分词分句做状语表示时间、让步、方式、条件等意义，不定式作状语不能表示这些意义。
-ing v.s. -ed 作状语：
Seen from the top of the hill, the lake is very beautiful.
Seeing this picture, he felt very happy.
§5.
Dangling Participle
I.
When an –ing or –ed participle construction is used as a relative
or adverbial clause, its logical subject is usually identifiable
with the subject or other element of the main clause. It is through
this relationship that the participle construction is “attached” to
the main clause.
☻When an –ing or –ed participle construction is used as an
adverbial, the logical subj. is usually the subj. of the main
clause, and the logical subj. and the verb in participle must be in
a correct relationship of either activeness or passiveness.
Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.
Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left the room.
II.
Violation of the “attachment rule” will result in a “dangling
participle”.
Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out.
Grilled on charcoal, we liked the fish much better.
III.
1.
2.
Looking ahead to the weekend, temperature will be warmer.
Standing on the church tower, the whole village could be
seen.
Caught in a traffic jam, it is easy to lose patience.
3.
4.
5.
§6.
Absolute Construction
1.
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe,
others to adjust his girdle, and so on.
The truck finally loaded, they said goodbye to their neighbors and
drove off.
He being absent, we could do nothing.
The paint now dry, we brought the furniture out on the deck.
He went off, gun in hand.
2.
The manager sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed.
3.
The boy ran into the room, his face and hands covered with
mud.
His face and hands covered with mud, the boy ran into the
room.
4.
His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.
Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
Weather permitting, the cricket match will take place on
Wednesday.
He put on his socks, wrong side out.
5.
6.
7.
He fell asleep with the window (being) open.
They traveled a whole day, without any food eaten.
Specialized knowledge in one’s field is the second most common
trait, with three-fourths giving themselves an A for this
trait.
☻Verbless clauses
A verbless clause is a clause without any form of verb element as
predicator. It is just an SVC construction with its subject and
predicator ellipted.
Right or wrong, I have given him a piece of mind.
An excellent speaker, he was never at a loss for a word.
Whatever the reason, his cordiality has won him a friend.
Although very helpful, he was not much liked by people.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
He spoke ungraciously, if not rudely.
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them
children.
There he stood, a try in hand.
Breakfast over, he went to his counting house.
Miriam looked at Harry, his eyes full of doubt and
discomfort.
Verbless clauses can be used as postmodifiers in a noun phrase and
as adverbials.
His hands, numb from the cold, could not find the key.
You must eat it when fresh.
The cardboard is light-proof where thick.
Lecture 14
An adjective is a word that modifies / describes a noun or a
pronoun.
I.
1.
1）
a.
b.
unkind, impossible, lovely, voiceless, monolingual,
unthinkable
2）
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
2.
1）
2）
a.
a)
well, ill, poorly, faint, sick
b)
pleased, glad, content, upset, fond
c)
alike, alone, alive, afraid, ablaze, asleep, aware, awake, akin,
adrift, afire, aflame, afloat, afoot, aground, ajar, askew,
athirst, abloom, agape, aghast, aglow, agog, alone, amiss, ashamed,
aslant, alight, akimbo, astir, astray, averse, awry, awash,
alert
☻They can be used as premodifiers when they are themselves modified
by adverbs.
a fast asleep child
b.
a)
elder, former, inner, latter, outer, upper
b)
certain, definite, plain, pure, sheer,
absolute, entire, extreme, perfect, total
feeble, slight
c)
chief, joint, lone, main, only, principle, sole, very
d)
chemical, coastal, earthen, hydroelectric, maritime, nuclear,
solar, wooden, woolen,
e)
weekly magazine,
f)
downstairs, downtown, indoor, inside, outdoor, outside,
upstairs,
c.
The medicine has ill effect on children.
He was so ill that he could not work.
I know the teacher did that for a certain reason.
He’s certain to do well in the examination.
They built the monument in memory of the late explorer.
The plane was late and my mother was waiting at the airport all
morning.
He is ready to go.
That was a ready answer.
3.
1）
Ambitious, careful, generous, helpful, patient, witty
2）
tall, short, big, small
3）
a.
b.
c.
She is being witty.
Be patient / careful.
I persuaded her to be generous.
4.
1)
a.
b.
2)
a.
atomic, Chinese
b.
perfect, excellent, extreme,
II.
Active
-ing
-ous
-ful
-ory
-some
exciting
surprising
respectful
tiresome
credulous
satisfactory
III.
1.
1）
2）
affected, available, required, suggested
available information / information available
suggested improvements / improvements suggested
the affected population / the population affected
3）
the mother concerned
the concerned mother
the members present
the present members
the issures involved
an involved
style
the man responsible
the responsible man
the dictionary proper
the proper
order
4）
a.
utmost, foremost, innermost
b.
elder, inner, other, upper, lower, latter, former, outer, hinder,
utter, lesser,
c.
wooden, leaden, golden , silken, earthen, woolen, brazen, ashen,
flaxen
d.
5）
a.
I’d like something cheaper.
b.
It was a conference fruitful of results.
Students brave enough to take this course deserve to succeed.
☻It is common that an adjective is separated from its
complementation by the noun it modifies, that is, the adjective
precedes the headword, while the complementation follows it:
difficult, different, similar, easy, impossible, adj.-er
/-est
It is a different book from that one.
That is a difficult problem to solve.
c.
d.
the minister designate 未到任的部长
the president elect 当选总统
Attorney General 检察总长
heir apparent
Sergeant Major
Postmaster General 邮政总局局长
Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人
governor general 总督
court martial 军事法庭
hope eternal
sum total
time immemorial 史前时期
body politic
e.
three metres
wide,
2.
1）
(determiner) --- evaluation --- size, shape, age --- colour ---
nationality, origin, material --- use purpose, classifier --- (noun
head)
2）
IV.
1.
1）
2）
absent from, accustomed to, afraid of, amazed at / by, annoyed at,
ashamed of, astonished at, aware of, blind to, bored with, busy
with, capable of, close to, confident of, content with, dear to,
dependent on, different from, disappointed with / about, eager for,
equal to, excited about, experienced in, faithful to, famous for,
fed up with, fit for, fond of, full of, guilty of, happy with /
about, inferior to, interested in, keen on, keen on, late for,
nervous of, pleased with / about, proud of, ready for, responsible
for, satisfied with, surprised at / by, shocked at / by, sick of,
superior to, surer of, tired of, true to, used to, weak in, worthy
of, worried about,
3）
a.
He is very good at tennis.
She’s awfully bad at mathematics.
Susan used to be brilliant at crosswords.
b.
Smoking and drinking is bad for you.
Apples are good for you.
c.
Chris and Stephanie have been good to me since we came to know each
other.
Don’t be cruel to animals.
2.
3.
alarmed, amazed, annoyed, astonished, certain, confident,
disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure,
surprised,
I’m sure that you’ll succeed.
I’m glad that you like it.
She was amazed that he should arrive so soon.
He is confident that he will be able to pass the exam.
This kind of that-clause can sometimes be replaced by a
corresponding prepositional phrase or a to-infinitive.
I’m sure that you will get success.
= You are sure of success.
= You are sure to get success.
I’m certain that he will come.
= He is certain to come.
V.
1.
1)
The man is rather childish.
She has a childlike love for a doll.
2)
Our college is not comparable with yours.
He is an expert on comparative literature.
3)
The contemptible man is selfish and vain.
There is a contemptuous look on his face.
4)
5)
The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.
This continuous hot weather is oppressive.
A continuous beach is exposed to the continual beating of the
waves.
Continual interruptions impede continuous work.
6)
dead animal
deadly poison/weapon
deathly silence
7)
He is the desirable man for the position.
She is desirous of seeing him again.
8)
They are discussing economic problems.
We should be economical of our money and time.
9)
10)
She found it hard to decide. 她感到难以决定.
It's hard work shifting snow. 清除积雪是很吃力的工作.
A few hardy people swam in the icy water. 有几个不怕冷的人在冰冷的水里游泳.
11)
The children are healthy though they all have slight colds at the
moment.
The air at seaside is healthful to us.
12)
She is an imaginative musician.
That is an imaginary character in a tale.
This is the best means imaginable.
13)
14)
15)
An ingenious mind can work wonders.
An ingenuous smile brightened her lovely face.
16)
Human beings are much more intelligent than animals.
The book is hardly intelligible to beginners.
17)
intense pain
The heat was intense.天气酷热。
A one-week intensive course in English 为期一周的英语强化课
18)
a later edition 较近的版本
the latter part of the book 书的后半部分
the last train末班火车
19)
This is a very practical tool.
Do you think the plan practicable?
20)
I am regretful for what I have said.
His decision to marry her is most regrettable.
21)
respectful 表示尊敬的，有礼貌的
respective 各个的，个别的
The respectable old gentleman has contributed a lot to the building
of his hometown.
A respectable man is respectful toward others.
The delegates went back to their respective rooms after the
meeting.
22)
23)
sensitive 敏感的，易受影响的
sensual 肉体上的
It is sensible of him to seize the opportunity.
A sensitive woman is quick at understanding.
My skin is sensitive to cold.
Don’t indulge yourself in sensual pleasure.
24)
25)
valuable
invaluable
26)
It's a historical fact. 这是历史事实
This is a historic occasion, ie will be regarded as a significant
event in history. 这是具有重大历史意义的
27)