动词的时态和语态全析

  
     动词时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。
    从种类上看英语有16种时态，而其中常用的有11种，表中斜体字表示的时态不常用。
动词各时态名称如下：
1-4 现在 :       

 一般现在时  现在进行时 

 现在完成时  现在完成进行时
2-4 过去:        

 一般过去时  过去进行时 过去完成时 

 过去完成进行时
3-4 将来 :       

一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时
4-4 过去将来: 

一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时

     

 各时态的英语表达结构（以write为例）：
 一般/进行/完成/完成进行

  1、现在 

write, writes 

am/is/are writing

have/has written 

have/has been writing

2、过去 
   wrote 

was/were writing 

had written 

had been writing

 

3、将来

   shall/will write 

shall/will be writing 

shall/will have written 

shall/will have been writing

  4、过去将来 

should/would write 

should/would be writing 

should/would have written 

should/would have been writing
    

    各时态用法说明               
一. 一般现在时
      一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数作主语时谓语动词后要加-s或-es,另外，be和have有特殊的人称形式。如：
1.一般动词：
   I know it. 

You know it.  

He/She knows it.
   We/You/They know it.
2. 动词be：以am, is, are三种形式出现。
   I am a teacher. 

You are a student. 

He / She is a student.
  We/You/They are students.

 

3. 动词have：以have, has形式出现。

I have a car.

You have a car.

He / She / has a car.
    It has a handle.

Jack has a paper plane.

We/You/They have a car.
4.在加词尾-s时要注意：
     1）一般情况加-s, 如：reads, says.
    2）以-ch,-sh, -s, -x, -o结尾的词加-es,如：

teaches, catches, launches, pushes, washes, finishes, guesses, fixes, does, goes.
      3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾的词把“y”改为“i”后加-es.如：

try-tries，carry-carries, studies.

4)以元音字母加“y”结尾的词，在y后直接加s.如：

stay>stays   play>plays
5.加s后的读音：

1）在[P] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s], 如：helps, asks.

2）在[s] [z] [∫] [t∫] [dз]等音后读[iz], 如：faces, rises, wishes, watches.
注意  hate - hates词尾读音为[ts]。

    

     动词一般现在时的形式：

①动词be除第一人称单数用am，第三人称单数用is外，其余一律用are.

②动词have除第三人称单数用has外，其余全用have。

③行为动词的一般现在时形式，除第三人称单数在动词原形词尾加s或es构成（其构成法和读音与名词复数同）外，其余一概用动词原形。

④助动词do和does：单数第三人称中用does，其余人称均用do构成一般现在时行为动词的否定和疑问。
       注意 have作行为动词表示“有”时，美式英语和英式英语有所不同，试比较。

I haven't any sisters.（英）

I don't have any sisters.（美）
-Have you any brothers? （英）
-Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
-Do you have any brothers? （美）
-Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

        另外，英国人口语常用have(has) got代替have（has)，其否定式常以haven't got 代替have not, 以hasn't got 代替has not.

 

一般现在时的基本用法：
1) 表示经常或习惯性的动作、状态、性能。常用的时间状语有：

every day, once a week, 

twice a week,often,

usually, always, seldom

sometimes=from time to time, every morning,等。如：

He comes from Germany. He is a German.

 We always care for each other.
He gets up at six every day.
Tom does homework every evening.

 

2）表示主语的特征、能力、性格、身份等。如：

He works hard.

He doesn't work hard.

Does he work hard? 

 

Do you like sports?  

 

The boy draws well.

The boy doesn't draw well.

Does the boy draw well?

 

He is an engineer.

 

She is an English teacher.

He is a doctor.

 3）表示客观事物或普遍真理。如：
  

The sun rises in the east. 

The earth is round.
  Two plus two is four.  

 

4）一般现在时代替一般将来时:

①  在由when, before, as soon as, after, as, until, till, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, if, unless, as long as, in case, once等引导的时间、真实条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，（有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时，显得更确定）。如：

When he comes back, we'll go shopping together.
 

I will go to play if it is fine this afternoon.

When you are talking with him, don't mention it.

 

② 在make sure/certain, see(to it) that后的宾语从句中，或主句为一般将来时，宾语从句为wh-从句，从句用一般现在时代替将来时。
 

Father will see(to it)that the door is closed.爸爸负责关门。

 She’ll read whichever book you recommend.你推荐哪本书她就读哪本。

 I’ll make sure (that) the car’s locked.我要去弄清楚汽车是否锁好了。

③某些表动向和起始的动词如：

begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart, open, close, sail等，当其表一个按计划、安排下必将进行的动作或出现的状态时（这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语）要用一般现在时代替将来时。

I leave for Dalian next Sunday.

The meeting begins in a minute.

The next train leaves at 12:00.

5)表示正在发生的动作。
    

一般现在时，用在由here, there, in, out, down, up等开头的倒装句中，一般式表示现在正在发生的动作。
   Here she comes.  

Here comes the bus.  

There goes the bell.

 

6)电影说明/剧情介绍/新闻标题/小说章节题目/动作解说，特别是电视说词/图片说明/剧本动作说明/戏剧性描绘（主要用于小说或报道文字中，由过去时突然转为现在时，使剧情显得历历在目）。

7)在下列情况下即使主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词仍用原形。

a.在一些虚拟语气的句子里，省略了should.

I suggest that he take a book with him.

b.有一些特定的表示惊讶或感叹的句子里。
God save me.上帝救救我。
Mr. Li cried out with great surprise,  

“What! My son come here!"
李先生惊奇地喊道：“什么！我的儿子到这儿来了？！”

 

8)在口语中，它间或可以表示一个已经发生的动作（这个动作发生的时间在说话人心目中处于很不重要的地位），能这样用的动作不多，如：say, tell, hear, read, forget, answer等：

They say Jack is back. Is that true?
  I forget where he lives.   Oh, you answer quite well.
  He tells me you're going abroad.

 

9)引用书面材料时，say, teach, stress等常用一般现在时，如：

Chairman Mao says: “Work is struggle."

 

 

二、一般过去时
     

  一般过去时表示过去的动作或存在的状态，这个动作可以是一次，也可能是经常性的。如：

①I went to town yesterday.（一次）。

I didn't go to town yesterday.

Did you go to town yesterday? 

②When I was young, I took cold bath regularly.（经常）

When I was young, I didn't take  cold bath regularly.

一般过去时里，动词be第一、三人称单数为was,其他人称为were，动词have一律用had。行为动词一律用过去式，没有人称和数的变化。用助动词did构成行为动词的否定和疑问句。

一般过去时的用法：
1)过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
Who pointed out the mistake?

2)过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
He will never be what he used to be.

3)在口语中want, hope, wish, wonder, think等动词的过去时表示现在的一种委婉的语气或一种试探性的态度。
I wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.
I want/wanted to ask if I can/could borrow your bike.
I hope/hoped you can/could give us some help.

4）在虚拟语气中常用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的假设：（本小点初中不讲）

If I were you, I would help him.  It's time you had lunch.

5)情态动词的过去式如：could, would, should, might可用于现在或将来表示一种委婉的语气。如：

Could you lend me your book?  Would you like a cup of tea?
What should I do now?

6)表示过去经常发生的动作也可用used to 或would两者后接动词原形表示。但前者暗示“现在已不再•••”，可以接状态动词或动作动词；后者不暗示现在的情况，只能接动作动词。如：
  ①He is no longer what he used to be.
  ②He used to walk after supper, didn't he?
  ③I would tell him some stories  when I lived there.

7)一般过去时常用的状语有：yesterday, in 1990, two years ago, last week，for + 时间段等。如：
 

①He fell ill yesterday.
  ②We had a good time last Sunday.
  ③She got up early when she was young.
  ④He worked there for ten years.
☆有些情况，发生的具体时间不太清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应该用过去时: He was glad to see me.

 

 

三、一般将来时
      

    一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一时间段内经常有的动作或状态。

   

   由“助动词shall（第一称）／will（第二、三人称）+动词原形”构成。美国英语中不管什么人称均用will。另外还有其他几种构成形式：
   ①be going to do  

②be to do 

③be (not)about to do
   ④be doing   

⑤一般现在时

▲一般将来时常用的状语有：tomorrow, next week, from now on, in a month, in the future等。
     

    一般将来时的用法：

1）"shall / will + 动词原形"表示不含主观因素的单纯的时间上的将来，特别是谈一连串的事情或在含有时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时。如： 
     I will be fifteen years old next year.
>>I will not be fifteen years old next year.
>>Will you  be fifteen years old next year?

  Next time I'll try to do better.
>>Next time I'll not try to do better.

I'll speak more English and do more reading-aloud.

I'll not speak more English and do more reading-aloud.

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
When I see him, I’ll tell him about it.

   2）条件从句中只有两种情况可用一般将来时：
a.表意愿：

If they won't co-operate, our plan will fall flat.
  If you will wait for me, I shall go with you.

b.主句的谓语表现在情况：

If he won't arrive this morning, why should we wait here?

3)用will表示一种倾向、习惯动作或必然趋势。
A drowning man will catch a straw.
Crops will die without water.
Accidents will happen.意外事故是不可避免的。
Children will be children.孩子毕竟是孩子。
      其否定式可表“不能/没法…”。
This machine won't work.      This plan won't act.

4）“be going to+动词原形”：在表示打算或准备做某事时，如不提时间/条件等时，多用此结构。自然现象也用该结构。如：
 

What are you going to do this evening?
  I'm going to finish the work this week.
  I am going to call on an old friend of mine.
  It's going to rain.

 

5 ) be doing限于某些非延续性动词（如go, come, stay, move, leave, start, finish等）的进行时表示将来，表示按计划安排要发生的事。（此用法具口语性、近期性、动词局限性）。（参见“现在进行时”）
 

①I am finishing my work.
  ②He is coming.
  ③They are leaving for Tibet.

 

  6)“be to +动词原形”表示吩咐、命令、约定、计划中的或按职业义务、要求即将发生的动作。还可表示“注定会•••”。如：

He is to give us a talk. (=He is going to give us a talk.)

The medicine is to be taken three times a day.

Where am I to put these books?
You are to clean the room.

He would not listen to me, so he is to fail.

7）“be about to +动词原形”表示“就要•••，正要•••”。在这种情况下不可与表将来时间状语连用。如：

We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.

The meeting is about to begin.

8)该时态有时用来表示揣测：

That man in the middle will be the visiting minister.或容量：

The hall will seat 500 people.

9)shall, will还有情态动词用法（参见“情态动词”部分）。

 

四、现在进行时
      表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，或现阶段内在进行的动作，汉语常用“正在”表示。由“助动词am /is / are + 现在分词词”构成。如：
  ①Is it raining?
  ②I am doing my homework.

>>I am not doing my homework.
  ③The students are cleaning the classroom.

>>The students are not  cleaning the classroom.

>>Are the students  cleaning the classroom.
  ④- What are you doing now? - I'm doing some washing.

  

   现在进行时的用法：

1)说话时正在进行的动作。
   Is it snowing now?
 

2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻这一动作不一定在进行。
  How are you getting on with your work these days?

3)在时间、条件状语从句中，有时可以用现在进行时表将来，语气比用一般现在时显得更确定。
  Don't mention this when you are talking with him.
你和他谈话时不要提这件事。

4）现在进行时有时可用来表示在最近按安排或计划要进行的动作（多有表未来的时间状语），但仅限于少量动词：go,stay, come, leave, start, arrive, lunch, return, dine, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, wear, take off等。（参见“一般将来时”）。如：

We are going there tomorrow.
I'm staying there for two weeks.

5)现在进行时与频度副词always, all the time, forever, constantly, continuously等词连用，往往表赞扬、埋怨、气愤或厌恶等情绪。
He is always thinking of his study.（他总是想着他的学习。）（称赞）
He is always making the same mistakes.（批评）

6)感觉和状态动词常用一般现在时而不用现在进行时。下列动词表示所给意义时，一般不可用进行时。
①表感觉的：see（看见）, look（看上去）, feel/ find（觉得），hear（听见）, notice（觉察到）, smell（闻起来）, sound（听起来）, taste（尝起来）等。
②表感情的：love（爱）, like（喜欢）, hate（恨）, prefer（更喜欢）, want（想要）, wish（祝愿）, envy(嫉妒；羡慕), desire（渴望）等。
③表占有的：have（有）,own（拥有）, owe（欠）,belong（属于）, possess（拥有）等。
④表思想和思考的：believe（相信）, doubt（怀疑）, hope（希望）, know（懂得）, mind（在意）, mean（意味着）, remember（记得）, forget（忘记）, think（认为）, understand（懂得）,recognize（意识到）, guess（猜想）, suppose（假设）, suggest（建议）, propose（提议）,等。
⑤其他动词：appear（出现）, concern（关心）, consist（包括）, contain（包含）, matter（要紧）, cost（花费）, seem（似乎是）,remain（依然）, fit（合适）, suit（适宜）,等。Allow（允许）, show（表明），prove（证明）,require（要求）等。
I feel a sudden pain in my head.我脑袋突然痛了。
He appears to want to go.他好像要走。
She feels worse today.她今天感觉更不好受。
The dish smells good.这盘菜闻起来很香。
注意
①系动词turn , get, become, grow, go用进行时表示由一种状态转人另一种状态。如：
  The rich man is becoming poorer and poorer.
②系动词feel, look一般不用进行时，但它们的表语若是表示主语的情绪、身体或精神状态的形容词时，既可用一般时，也可用进行时：He's feeling very bad.
③连系动词be的一般时即有进行时的含义,所以be一般不用进行时，但若表示“暂时的或故意的行为”也可以用进行时，此时常与这些形容词连用：brave, careless, careful, clever, foolish, friendly, faithful, funny, gentle, good, helpful, impatient, jealous, kind, talkative, stubborn, polite等。
  You are stupid.你很糊涂。
  You are being stupid.你在装糊涂。
  The boy is being nice now.那男孩此刻真乖。
▲短暂动词除用进行式表反复的动作或表将来外，不用进行时。
④be + 某些介词短语，也可表达进行含义，如：be under repair/under one's leadership/under discussion/in use/on one's way等等。
⑤Here/There引起的句中常以一般现在时代替现在进行时。Here comes the bus. =The bus is coming. /There goes the bell. =The bell is ringing.
⑥有时两种时态都可用，无多大差别：I wonder(am wondering)how I should answer them./Does your leg hurt (Is your leg hurting)? / It itches (is itching) terribly. / My back aches (is aching).

五、过去进行时
   过去进行时由“助动词was（第一、三人称）单数/were（其他人称）+现在分词”构成。主要表示过去某时刻(侯)正在进行的动作。过去进行时与一般过去时的区别是：前者表示正在进行的动作,后者表示一个完成的动作。如果用一般过去时,就会给人印象：你已经做完这个动作。但少数动词(如:rain, snow,cough,wear, feel, work....),用一般过去时并不表示动作的完成,这时两种时态在意义上差别不大:
It rained/was raining all day yesterday.
He coughed/was coughing the whole night.
  在强调动作延续较长时间时,用过去进行时稍好一点。此外,和现在进行时一样,过去进行时可以用来代替一般过去时,表示赞美/厌恶等情绪而带有感情色彩。常用状语有at that time, at this time yesterday等。如：
①I was reading a novel when he came in.
②What were you doing at eight yesterday?
③I was watching TV all evening.
④We were cleaning the classroom from 8 to 9.
★(1)叙述故事时,常用过去进行时来描写故事发生的背景。故事中间也会用它来描绘景象。一般地,把故事往下叙述时多用一般过去时,而停下来描绘背景或某个景象时,常用过去进行时。
(2)正象现在进行时可以表未来动作,过去进行时也可以表从过去某时看来要发生的事。

六、将来进行时
   由“助动词shall（第一人称）/will（第二、三人称）+ be +现在分词”构成，（美国英语一律用will）。主要表示将来某时刻或某一段时间将正在进行的动作。口语中它常用来表示预计即将或势必要发生的动作。它和一般将来时有时只有细微差别（I'll see/be seeing him about it tomorrow.)在有些情况下和一般将来时可换用，但它显得更委婉（When will you come/be coming?)。如：
  ①This time tomorrow, I shall be flying to Shanghai.
  ②- What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning?
    - I'll be working in the fields.
  ③I shall be waiting for you in my room after supper.
    Don't come at 7 o'clock tomorrow. He will be working then.

 

 

七、现在完成时

      现在完成时的动作发生在过去，但与现在情况有关，即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。

      现在完成时由

“助动词have / has＋过去分词”构成。

     

现在完成时常用的状语有：

just,  already,  ever,  never,

before,  yet,  not•••yet,up to now,  

today, this month/year/week ,

 lately, recently,

so far, ever since, since

in the last few/10 years等。

in the past few/10 years

 

但是：

just now ,in the  past 用于一般过去时, 

 

如：

  ①-Where have you been?
      -I have been to the street.
  ②Have you ever been to Shanghai?
  ③He has gone to the library.

>>He has not gone to the library.
  ④I have already lost my book.

>>I have not lost my book, yet.

  ⑤Who has opened the door?

>>

  ⑥Have you had your supper?
  ⑦I have never seen such a big apple, have I.
  ⑧He has remembered 500 words this month.
  ⑨ Great changes have taken place in the last ten years.

注意：

     现在完成时强调对现在的影响，是现在时态，因此不能和表示具体的过去时间连用，如：yesterday, last month, three days ago, in 1960等。

但可以和表示模糊的过去时间的before连用。又如：now, today, this week,this month,this year....

现在完成时的用法：
①过去开始的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在:

  I have lived here for 20 years.（动作持续）
  He has been here for two hours.（状态持续）
    ☆有少量动词（work, study, teach, live,…)可表一直延续到现在的一个动作，但大多数动词不可这样，而应该用现在完成进行时。 

注意：

have been to表示“曾经去过某地，现已回来”；

 have gone to表示“已经去某地，现在还没回来”

have been in 表示“在某地”

     ☆由于arrive, come, become, join 和 get up等动词表短暂动作不可延续，需要借助含be的结构来表示延续的状态。

②表某动作曾经发生过，对现在来讲已成为既往的经历：
I have met him .我见过他/我已见了他。
He has tasted it. 他尝过/他已经尝了。

③表示一个断断续续的动作对现在产生的量结果：
I have picked five baskets of apples.
We have learnt ten English songs.

④表示到目前为止多少次或第几次干某事。
He has been to Beijing several times.
It's the third time that I have seen the film.

说明
①现在完成时常与lately, recently, so far, already, these days, ever,just,up to now,in/during the last / past few years等表时间的副词或时间短语连用。

   I have finished reading five books so far.

②常与for构成的表时间段的状语连用（有时for省略），如：

He has lived here for five years.
He has been in the army for three years.

③现在完成时可与since连用, since后加时间点词语或含一般过去时的从句。也可单独在句尾使用since（自那以后）, 此时since为副词。

  I have lived here since five years ago/2009.

= I have lived here for five years .

She has stayed here since 2 .

She has stayed here for 2 hours.

  I haven't seen him since 1987.
  I haven't seen him since he left here.
  He moved here in 1980, and has lived here since.

                     注意
1)since后用的动词不同，动作的起算时间不同：
①since＋终止性动词的过去式，从该动作发生时算起。
②since＋延续性动词的过去式，从该动作结束时算起。

  Mr. Li has been here since he came back.  自从李先生回来以后，他一直在这儿。

  I haven't heard from him since he lived here.  自从他不住在这儿以来，我就没有收到过他的来信。

       但也有例外，如：
  I've known Mr. Smith since I was a boy.  我小的时候就认识史密斯先生了。

2)在“It is +段时间 + since句型”中，时间以since从句的动作完成时算起，如：
  It is two years since we arrived here.我们到这儿两年了。
  It was years since I had seen her.我认识她好几年了。

④在时间和条件状语从句中，可用现在完成时代替将来完成时，表示将来某时业已完成的动作：
  I'll go and see the exhibition as soon as I have got the recorder fixed.

    这里用现在完成时是表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成，如果两个动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，一般就不用这个时态。在这样的情况下（特别是当我们用get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return等代表瞬间完成的动作时），多用一般现在时。有时两种时态都可用：

I won't believe you until I've seen it with my own eyes.我要亲眼看到它，我才会相信你。
We'll leave as soon as it stops/has stopped raining.
I'll tell him after you leave/have left.

⑤It（This/That）is the first(second…) time that...
  It（This/That）is the first(second…) that...
It（This/That）is the only…that…
It（This/That）is the best(biggest…) that…
       以上句型的主句用一般现在时或一般将来时，从句用现在完成时；

   主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。
It is the first time that I have seen so much money.这是我头一次看到这么多的钱。

It is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好电影。

It will be the second car that I have bought.那将是我买的第二辆车。

It was the second time that I had been hurt by his words.这是我第二次被他的话所伤。

It was the most interesting book that I had ever read.它是我曾经读过的最有趣的书。

 

⑦在must ( may, should等情态动词）+ have +动词过去分词，表示推测和假设意义的句子里，可以与表示过去的时间状语连用（详见情态动词）。
It must have rained last night.

⑧现在完成时与延续性动词和非延续性动词。
 a.延续性动词可用现在完成时，并可接表时间段的状语。
   I have worked here for ten years.

 b.非延续性动词也可用现在完成时，但肯定句中不接since/for引出的表示时间段的状语（否定句中可以）。常用的瞬间动词有:

 

go, come, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, marry, die, fall, finish,

stop, start, lose, sell, kill, break, meet, close, open, graduate, join等。如：
      He has died.（√）
      He has died for ten years.（×）

He has been dead for ten years.（√）

He died ten years ago.（√）

It is tenyears since he died.（√）

I haven't received his letter for a long time. （√）

 

八、过去完成时
      主要表示过去某时或某事前已经发生的动作或情况(也可以说是“过去的过去”）。

由“had＋过去分词”构成。

常用的状语有

by 1966,

by the time...,

by the end of...,

two years before, before,等。如：

①By the end of 1960, we had built 100 schools.
②I had learned some English words before I went to school.
③He said he had known it.
④When I had finished my work, I took a rest.
⑤I had gone out by the time he came here.
⑥He told me that he had suffered a great deal before.
     注意①It was +时段+since从句。从句中常用过去完成时。
It was five years since the building had been painted. 这楼有五年没刷了。

②hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think等动词，用法较为特别,以hope为例：
Ⅰ.(had) hoped等 + to do/to have done表示一个没实现的打算、设想等。
I had hoped to have become a doctor, but I didn't.
I had hoped to become a doctor, but I didn't.
I hoped to have become a doctor, but I didn't.我原打算成为一名医生，但未能够。
I meant to phone you, but I forgot.我本想打电话给你，可是我忘了。
I meant to call on you. But I was too busy.我本来想拜访你。但是我太忙了。
I intended to catch the early train, but I got up late.我本打算赶上早班火车，但我起床晚了。

※Ⅱ.hoped to do ：还可表示不定式动作或状态发生或存在于谓语动作或状态之后，并有可能实现。
Jennie hoped to give her a good education.珍妮希望给她良好教育。

※Ⅲ.hope/hopes to have done：表示动作的完成，不表没有实现的行为。
He expects to have written it tomorrow evening.他估计明天可以写好。
I hope to have finished by now.我希望现在干完。

③在含when, as soon as, before, after, until, now that等连词引导的从句的复合句中，若主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词的动作都发生在过去且有先后，那么先发生的动作常用过去完成时。但after从句中的动作可用一般过去时代替过去完成时，含before从句的主句中，也用一般过去时就行：
When he arrived at the station, the train had left. =After the train (had)left, he arrived at the station.= The train left before he arrived at the station.
④ “by +过去时间”作状语,谓动常用过去完成时。
   By the end of last year，they had finished the work.
⑤在表示过去情况的虚拟条件句中，一般用过去完成时：
   If you had come with me，you would have seen him.
⑥在hardly ... when, no sooner ... than，scarcely ... when句式中主句用过去完成时，且常采用倒装，从句用一般过去时。译为“一…就…”。如：
Hardly had I come back when the phone rang.
说明
①过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是过去的过去，只有在和过去某时或某事相比较时才会用到它。
②如果两个动作紧接发生，常常不用过去完成时，特别是在含有before和after的复合句中。有时两个时态都可用意思差别不大：
As soon as it (had) stopped raining, they began working again.
I told them after you (had) left.
He (had) told me the news before you came.
③一连串的动作发生在过去，用一般过去时表达。
  On arriving, he had a sip of tea, took off his coat, and started to clean the room.
④在以since引起的状语从句中用一般过去时较多，有时也用过去完成时：
The girl had changed considerably since I had seen her.
⑤叙述过去发生的事情时，有时可以用过去完成时来追叙或补叙更早发生的事。一般做法是：头两三句用过去完成时，使人知道是追叙往事，一有机会就转用一般过去时。

九、将来完成时
 由“shall(will) + have done”构成。主要表示将来某时会业已发生的事情，有时用来表示一种推测。常用时间状语有by the end of, by this time tomorrow，by the time•••，by•••等，如：
  ①By the end of next month, I shall have learned 100 texts.
  ②We will have built the bridge by the time he comes back next year.
  ③By this time tomorrow, I shall have finished the work.

十、现在完成进行时
   由" have(has) + been doing"构成。主要表示现在以前这一阶段里一直在进行的动作。（这动作可能仍然在进行，也可能刚停止了一会儿）。有少数动词（如work,study,live,teach等）用现在完成时和用现在完成进行时意思是差不多的（但大多数动词都不可这样换用）。在强调动作延续时间的长久时用现在完成进行时更多一些。该时态间或也可用来表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。汉语经常译作“一直”。
We've been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
It has been raining.
-What have you been doing all the morning?
-I have been watering the flowers in the garden.
I have been reading Lu Xun this week.
注意现在完成时的动作发生在过去或开始于过去，强调对现在的影响或结果；现在完成进行时的动作开始于过去，强调延续或直接结果。如：
You look so tired, what have you been doing? （直接结果）  
We have been discussing the problem, but we haven't drawn a conclusion yet.

十 一、过去完成进行时
  主要表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作。这一动作可能在那时还在进行，也可能到那个过去时间停止，它由“had + been doing”构成。
  ①He told me he had been waiting for me for two hours.
  ②By the time the city was liberated，he had been working for 20 years.

十二、过去将来时
   由“should（第一人称）/would（其他人称）+动词原形”构成。（美语任何人称都用“would +动词原形”构成）。还用were/was going to do, were/was to do, were/was about to do, were/was dong结构表达。主要表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情。would do也可表示过去习惯性的动作（此时不管无论什么人称都用would），前面常有一个时间状语说明在什么情况下往往如此。此外，它还可以用来表示“愿望/倾向”，多用于否定句，谈过去的情况，表示“不肯/不会/不可能”等等。如：
  ①He said he would go to work next week.
  ②She told me that she would be here.
  ③We asked him where he would go.
  ④He was about to go when his father came back.
  ⑤He said it was going to rain.
1）表示过去习惯性动作：
  When I went to Beijing，he would come to guide me.
  我一去北京，他就给我当向导。
2）主句是过去将来时，时间和条件状语从句中用一般过去时来替代过去将来时。
  She said she would pay us a visit when she had time.
  她说她有时间就会来拜访我们。
3）某些非延续动词的过去进行时可表过去将来，如：come, go, finish, start, leave等。如：
  He said he was coming.    I told him I was leaving.
※ 十三.过去将来进行时（如：should/would be writing)表从过去某时看，将来某时将正在进行的动作或预计要发生的动作。
※十四.过去将来完成时（如：should/would have written)表示从过去某时看将来某时会业已完成的动作。在时间或条件状语从句中需要用过去完成时来代替它。
※十五.将来完成进行时（如：shall/will have been writing)表示将来某时前一直进行的动作。
※十六.过去将来完成进行时（如：should/would have been writing)表从过去某时看来未来某时前一直在进行的动作。
时态的呼应：在实际运用中必须注意时态的呼应（即:主句与从句的谓语动词间时态的相互影响）,但是否需要调整时态，主要服从于表达意义的需要。需遵守时态呼应的主要是名词性从句的谓语和作表语的sorry, glad, worried, certain, uncertain, sure等形容词后的宾语从句中的谓语。
   宾语从句的时态呼应情况：
①主句的时态为一般现在时或将来时，从句可以根据表达事实的需要用任何时态。用法如下：
   She doesn’t know where he will go.
②主句的时态为一般过去时，则从句的时态一般要用过去
的某种时态。如：
  Can you tell me when you finished?
  He said that he would go there.
  注意 客观真理始终用一般现在时表达。如：
  The teacher taught the students that the earth is round.

★★   英语的语态
   英语的语态有两种，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表主语是动作的承受者。此主要讲被动语态。
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示句子中主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象。一般说来，只有及物动词（短语）才有被动语态。汉语常用“被”“受”“给”“遭”“挨”等词来表被动意义。动作执行者一般由介词by引出。被动语态结构为:“助动词be+过去分词+ by +动作执行者+ with +工具”。被动语态的时态是通过be动词变化的。
被动语态的使用场合：①强调动作承受者；②动作发出者未知或不便说出；③科技英语中较多使用。

被动语态共有十种时态（以动词do为例）
 一般 完成 进行
现在 am/is/are done have/has been done am/is/are being done
过去 was/were done had been done was/were being done
将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done 
过去将来 should/would be done should/would have been done 

 说明将来进行时、过去将来进行时、完成进行时，没有被动语态。上表被动语态的10种时态中，将来完成时和过去将来完成时均不常用，故其常用时态只有8种，外加含情态动词句式的被动语态。
  各种时态的被动语态例句：
1.一般现在时：
①Football is played all over the world.
②You are wanted on the phone.
③English is widely spoken in the world.
④He is often punished.
2一般过去时：
①The bridge was built in 1975.
②The house was destroyed in the earthquake.
③He was praised yesterday.
3.一般将来时：
①The baby will be taken to hospital soon.
②Our lab will be built in a month.
③I shall be given a chance.
4.过去将来时：
①I knew the boy would be taken good care of in there.
②He said he would be criticized for what he did.
5.现在完成时：
① He has been given a chance.
②The book has been translated into many languages.
③I have been told the news．
6.过去完成时：
①He said he had been given a chance.
②It was said that the book had already been translated into
many languages.
③By 1960, 100 schools had been set up.
7．现在进行时：
①The building is being built.
②He is being beaten by his mother.
8.过去进行时：
  When I went to the city, a high building was being built.
注意 ①有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，也有被动语态如：
The children there are taken good care of.
A doctor was sent for.
Women are not looked down upon now.
 ②含情态动词的被动结构是“情态动词+be+过去分词”：
Everything that can be done has been done.
He should have been punished.
The thing must be handed in.
▲被动语态的其他表达形式
1. get +过去分词：多用于口语和非正式场合，强调动作的结果。有时带有不愉快、不顺利的含义。
  He got wounded in a battle.
  You might get burnt.
注意 这种被动语态句型的否定和疑问要借助do构成:
   Did you get scolded yesterday? 你昨天挨批评了吗？
2. become+过去分词：强调动作的全过程。
   He became seized with a deep sorrow.
    他陷入了深深的忧伤之中。
▲被动语态的变异：用主动语态表达被动意义
1)某些表状态特征的连系动词如：smell, taste ,feel, sound, look, prove等，用主动形式表达被动意义。
  The fish tasted good.    Cotton feels soft.
   Your words sound reasonable.  His theory proved correct.
2)某些不及物动词（其主语大多为事物）可以表达被动意义，这些不及物动词有下列几种：
①某些可以用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的不及物动词: shut, lock, open, move, read, write, sell, wear, blow, wash, clean, burn, catch, draw, peel, cut, tear, dry等，并通常接easily, well, perfectly等副词。如：
  The cloth washed well. （易洗） 
  The book doesn't sell well.（不好销）
  Wood burns easily.（易燃）
The door blows open.门给吹开了。
②无被动语态的动词：不及物动词；某些及物动词：have（有）, possess（拥有）, lack（缺乏）, suit（合适）, fit（合适）, equal（相等）, resemble（长得像）, hold（容纳）, beg（请求）, fail（不及格）, contain（包含）, last（持续）, cost（花费）以及以be-/out-为前缀的及物动词等。表发生的动词：happen, occur, take place（发生）, break out（爆发）。其他一些动词：spread（传播），belong to（属于），run out等。
  What happened to you?
  The Second World War broke out in 1939.
③表开始、运动、结束的动词：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, run等：Work began at 7 this morning.
3)不定式以主动形式表达被动意义的情况。
①不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，但逻辑主语又是句子的主语或宾语：
  If you want to finish your task, you still have a lot of work to do.
(to do的逻辑主语是句子的主语you)
  如果你想完成你的任务的话，你仍然还有许多工作要做。
比较：I have some clothes to wash.
       我有些衣服要洗。（我将很忙）
       I have some clothes to be washed.
       我有些衣服要洗。（你愿意替我洗一下吗？）
②在be +形容词+(for sb.)+不定式 结构中
   The food is fit to eat.
用于该句型的典型形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, interesting, light, heavy, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, fit, unfit, impossible等。
③不定式与疑问词连用时（不定式逻辑主语必须是句子主语）：
  The question is what to do /who to invite.
④某些不定式：to blame, to seek, to let, to rent等与be连用时：
  The house is to let.这房子要出租。
  He is to blame for the accident.对于这次事故，他应该受到谴责。
4）主动式动名词表被动：在need, want, require, deserve, be worth后加v-ing形式的主动式表被动（也可用不定式的被动结构换用，但worth后不可）。如：
  The flower wants watering. =The flower wants to be watered.
5)有些结构形式上是被动的，但意义却是主动的，如：
He is seated on a bench.  He is engaged in research.
He is lost in the book / deep thought.  We were lost in the forest.
又如: be faced with（面临）,be devoted to(投身于), be located(位于)...
6)“with +宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式用主动式表被动。
  With two exams to worry about, I have to work hard this weekend.
因有两场考试让我担忧，本周末我得认真地学习。
With nothing to do, I feel bored.由于无事可做，我感到烦。
7)介词短语表被动：under examination在审查中，under discussion在讨论中，under repair维修中, beyond belief难以置信，beyond one’s control失控，beyond one’s reach鞭长莫及/够不着，for sale出售，for rent出租，in print印刷中，in sight看得见，in use在使用中，out of control控制不了，out of fashion不流行， on sale销售中，on show在展出中，in the charge of受制于， under the leadership of在...的领导下等。
8)There be句型中作定语的不定式可用主动式表达被动，用被动不定式也可，只是侧重点不同。
   There are still five trees to cut.