选修8 Unit5

Meeting your ancestors

核心词句语法知识第一轮复习

 

Unit 5  Meeting your ancestors 

一、单元基本词汇过关选修8  Unit 5
1. identify  vt.  确认；识别；鉴别
2. alternative  n.  可能的选择;  adj. 供选择的；其他的
3. archaeology  n. 考古学(<美>archeology)
4. △archaeological  adj.  考古学的；与考古学有关的 (<美>archeological)
5. archaeologist  n.  考古学家 (美archeologist)
6. starvation  n.  挨饿；饿死
7. tentative  adj.  试探性的；不确定的
8. accuracy  n.  精确；准确
9. excavate  vt.  挖掘；发掘
10. △excavation  n.  挖掘；发掘
11. interrupt  vt. & vi.  打断……讲话；打岔； 暂时中断或中止
12. acute  adj.  有观察力的；敏锐的；严重的；深刻的
13. assume  vt.  假定；设想
14. regardless  adv.  不管；不顾
15. regardless of  不管；不顾
16. mat  n.  席子；垫子
17. quilt  n.  被子；棉被
18. beast  n. 野兽
19. at most  至多；最多
20. centimetre  n.  厘米 (<美>centimeter)
21. sharpen  vi. & vt.  （使）锋利；尖锐；清晰
22. sharpener  n.  磨具；削具
23. cut up  切碎
24. △scrape  vt.  擦净；削平；磨光
25. scraper  n.  刮刀；刮削器
26. ample  adj.  足够的；充足的；富裕的
27. messy  adj.  凌乱的；脏的
28. primitive  adj.  原始的；远古的；简陋的
29. bead  n.  小珠子；滴
30. botany  n.  植物学
31. botanical  adj.  植物学的；与植物学有关的
32. analysis  n.  分析
33. seashell  n.  海贝壳
34. ripen  vt. & vi.  使……成熟；成熟
35. category  n.  种类；类别；范畴
36. significance  n.  意义；意思；重要性；重要意义
37. somehow  adv.  以……方式；不知怎么地
38. systematic  adj.  有系统的；有计划的；有条理的
39. spit  vt. (spat, spit; spat, spit) 吐出（唾液、食物等）;  vi.吐痰
40. delete  vt.  删；删除
41. album  n.  相册；集邮册；唱片
42. scratch  n. （刮、抓、划的）痕迹；搔；挠; vt. 搔；抓；擦伤；刮坏
43. academy  n.  学院；学会；学术团体；院校
44. receptionist  n.  接待员；招待员
45. onion  n.  洋葱
46. kindergarten  n.  幼儿园
47. skateboard  n.  滑板
48. fed up with  受够了；饱受；厌烦
49. yogurt  n.  酸乳酷；酸奶
50. radioactive  adj.  放射性的；有辐射能的
51. radioactivity  n.  放射性
52. division  n.  分割；划分；分配；分界线
53. BC  公元前
54. melon  n.  （各种）瓜
55. wrinkle  n.  皱纹
56. pulse  vi.  强烈而有规律地跳动；搏动;  n.脉搏；节拍
57. vein  n.  血管；静脉
58. applaud  vi. & vt.  鼓掌欢迎；赞赏
59. look ahead  向前看；为将来打算
60. howl  vt. & vi.  嗥叫；叫喊；吼叫
61. accelerate  vi. & vt.  加速；促进
62. spear  n.  矛；枪
63. arrest  vt.  逮捕；吸引;  n.逮捕；拘留
64. dizzy  adj.  晕眩的；昏乱的；使人发晕或困惑的
65. eyebrow  n.  眉毛
66. △cheekbone  n.  颧骨
67. arrowhead  n.  箭头
68. △axe  n.  斧；斧子
69. hammer  n.  铁锤；锤子
70. gay  adj.  快乐的；欢快的
71. gaily  adv.  快乐地；轻松地
72. skilful  adj. 有技巧的；熟练的(<.美>skillful)
73. date back  追溯到
74. punctuation  n.  标点符号
75. worship  vt. & vi.  崇拜；敬奉;  n.崇拜；敬神
76. △craftsmanship  n.  技艺；手艺；精工细作

二、核心词句语法
1. alternative
      n.可供选择的事物；（两者或以上）可能的选择
    adj. 供选择的, 二选一的

常用结构：
have no alternative but to do sth.
只能做某事；除……外别无选择

=have no choice but to do sth.

We have no alternative but to go on.
除了继续下去,我们别无选择。
There was no other alternative but to fight till the victory.除了战斗到胜利,别无选择。

    拓展：
alternatively   adv. 或者，二者择一地
alternate   vt. 使交替；

                     vi.交替；

                   adj. 交替的；轮流的

(1)单项填空
In this school, the students have three      (require) courses, and seven      (alternate)courses.

   

答案： required; alternative  

require(尤指根据法规) 规定、需要，此处用过去分词required修饰courses，因为两者之间为被动关系。

    后空意思为“选择，选其一”，alternative符合句意。
(2)改错
①I had no alternative but report him to the police.                                   

答案：

①report前加to    

2. arrest
   vt. 逮捕，拘留，吸引(注意)
    n.[C]逮捕
常用结构：
be arrested for sth. 因某事而被捕
arrest one' s attention吸引某人的注意
under arrest被捕；被拘留
The criminal was arrested yesterday.那名罪犯昨天被捕了。
What she did arrested my attention. 她所做的吸引了我的注意力。

       用适当的介词或arrest 的适当形式填空.

①I got arrested      careless driving.
②Her uncle was      arrest, but nobody knew the reason.
③Five youths      in connection with the attack.
④The public applauded the      of the criminal suspect.

答案：

①for   ②under   ③were arrested   ④arrest

3. preserve
    v.保护,维持,保存
     常用结构：
preserve sth. from   使……免遭……
You can preserve meat or fish in salt.你可以用盐保存肉或鱼。
It is one of the duties of the police to preserve public order.警察的职责之一是维持公共秩序。

联想拓展：
preservable    adj.  可保存的
preservation     n.  保存
preserver          n. 保护者，保存者

易混辨析：
preserve/conserve/reserve/protect

preserve  v.  保护，维持，保存；
conserve  v.保存，保护，强调珍惜；
reserve    v. 指意见、看法的保留或座位的预定；
protect    v. 保护，强调使其免受破坏或损害。

 

(1)单项填空
①In spite of failing to save every endangered species, we may preserve the majority             extinction.
  
A. against   B. with   C. beyond    D. from

②It is the duty of the police to       social order.
A. save   B.reserve    C.preserve    D. rescue

①解析：选D。preserve sth. from   使……免遭……，符合句意。
②解析：选C。A、D两项都意为“拯救”；B项意为“保留，保存”；C项意为“保护，维持”。根据句意可知，选C。
(2)完成句子  

①夏天收获的大量水果可冷藏或装瓶加以保存。
In the summer, fruit may          by freezing .
②我认为这些有趣的旧习俗应该保存下去。
I think these interesting old customs         .

答案：

①be preserved

②should be preserved
4.  relief
       n.减轻，解除
       常用结构：
bring /seek/find/give/feel relief 
带来/寻求/找到/予以/感到解脱

   much to one's relief

=to one's great relief

使某人宽慰的是……
relief road 备用车道
relief map 地形图
I felt great relief when I heard I had passed the examination.当听到已经通过考试时，我感到轻松了许多。

联想拓展：
relieve one's feelings  发泄感情
relieve sb. of   使某人解除
The minister was relieved of his post.部长被解除了职务。

 

完型填空
Hearing the news that her son was found, she breathed a sigh of       .

 A.excitement    B. joy    C. relief    D. belief

选C。按照句意此处为“减轻忧虑，松了一口气”，C项符合句意。
5. assume
vt. 设想，假定；主观认为；装出……的样子
常用结构：
assume sb./sth. to be 假定/认为某人/事是……
We assumed that you understood the situation.我们认为你了解形势。
He assumed a wellinformed manner but in fact he knows very little. 他装出一副见多识广的样子，而实际上他知之甚少。

拓展：
assumed      adj.假装的，假的；假定的，设想的
an assumed result假定的结果
assuming     adj.自负的，傲慢的，过分自信的；
      conj. 假如 (后跟从句)
assumption n. 假定，设想
His look of astonishment was assumed.他那惊讶的样子是装出来的。
He is too assuming in this attitude about the energy supply.他在对待能源问题的态度上显得过于自信。
Assuming that the weather is favourable, farmers will have a good harvest.假如风调雨顺，今年农民将获丰收。

=Supposing that

Supposing that your father saw you now, what would you say？

=Suppose that
Suppose we go for a walk.我们去散散步吧。

6. somehow
        adv. 不知怎么地；以……方式
常用结构：
somehow or other  不知是什么原因；由于某种原因；以某种方式
Somehow or other we became friends, I never knew just why it was.不知何故我们成了朋友，我绝不知道为什么会这样。

辨析：
anyhow/somehow/somewhat
anyhow 意为“无论如何”，相当于 anyway；at any rate；
somehow 意为“以某种方式(in some way or other)”或“由于某种原因”；
somewhat 意为“从某种意义上讲；有几分”，相当于  in a way, rather。
I always know I'd get the job, somehow.
也不知为什么，我总觉得能得到那份工作。
Somehow we must get to Glasgow.我们得设法到格拉斯哥去。
He could have finished it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind.他原本能按预定进度做完这件事的，但不知怎么却落后了。
I am somewhat tired of this book. 我对这本书有点厌烦。
7. regardless of
        adj. 不管, 不顾
People should be hired regardless of race and sex.雇用人员应没有种族、性别的差异。
He continued speaking, regardless of my feelings on the matter. 他不顾及我在此事上的感受而继续往下说。
联想拓展：
regardless     adv. 无论如何；不管；不顾
disregarding /in spite of /despite 三者意义和用法相同，区别不大。
regardlessness     n. 不注意

     温馨提示：
in spite of the fact that句式表示“虽然；即使,不管事实上如何”。
although/though      conj. 尽管，虽然；其后接句子。
填空
①        the difficulties in talking, they can understand each other by body language.

A. Regardless of  B. Although 

C. Though             D. In spite
②Some people act regardless         what will happen afterwards.  

    A.with     B. as    C. of     D. for
①解析：选A。although与though是连词，后需跟句子，而the difficulties in talking是名词短语，故排除。D项表达有误。故选A。
②解析：选C。regardless of不顾，不管。符合句意。

8. fed up with    受够了;厌烦;饱受
I'm fed up with waiting for her.我等她都等得不耐烦了。
What's the matter? You look pretty fed up.怎么啦？你显得那么不耐烦。

拓展：
feed sb./sth. on sth. 给（人或动物）食物；喂；饲养
feed on（动物）以……为主食
feed sth. to sb./sth. 给（人或动物）某物作为食物

9. cut up切碎；使伤心，严厉批评
Peter, why dont you cut up vegetables?
彼得，为何不把蔬菜切碎了呢？

拓展：
cut off  切断；剪掉
cut down 砍伐；削减
cut in  打断
cut out  剪去，删去;略去
cut into pieces 切成碎片
Dont cut in while Im talking!我说话时别插嘴!

 10. look ahead  向前看；为将来打算

拓展：
look back 向后看； 回顾
look out 留神；注意
look into 调查
look up 查找；形势好转；看望
look up to sb. 钦佩/尊敬某人
look through 仔细查阅
look forward to sth./doing sth. 盼望着
look on 旁观；看作
look over 快速浏览;复习
look down (on/upon sth.) 向下看； 轻视
Look out! There is danger ahead!当心!前面危险!
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我盼望今年暑假能见到你。
 

重点句型

11. If only it could be just like last year!
要是能像去年那样该有多好啊！
if only但愿；要是……就好了。其后一般用虚拟语气。
If only I were a doctor.   这句话用的是一般过去时，意思是：我现在要是个医生就好了。与现在相对应的句子用一般过去时。
If only I had said nothing. 而这句用的是过去完成时，意思是：我当时什么都不说就好了。是与过去时态相对应的，故用过去完成时。
If only my son didnt spend so much time before TV.
       这句可以理解为一般现在时的虚拟语气，所以句子中使用了一般过去时态。原意为：要是我儿子不在电视前面待那么长时间就好了。
温馨提示：
only if表示“只有，只要”， 后接让步状语从句，主句采用倒装句式。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.
只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room.
只有得到老师的允许，学生才能进入这个房间。

12. Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.她突然坐了下来，结果被爱吵闹的妹妹露娜一把抱了起来。

 

an ear scoop耳勺
a scoop of coal一铲煤
three scoops of flour三杓子面粉
He earned 2,000 pounds in one scoop.
他一下子赚两千英镑。

only to do 是不定式作结果状语，意为“不料，结果却”,表示出乎意料或令人失望的结果。
I hurried to the post office only to find it closed. 
我匆忙地去邮局，却发现它已经关门了。
He hurried home only to find the guests had left.他匆匆忙忙赶回家, 结果发现客人们已经走了。

温馨提示：
      现在分词也可以作状语表示结果，但表示的是意料之中的结果。
He dropped the glasses on the ground, bursting it into pieces.他把眼镜掉在了地上，摔成了碎片。

单项填空
He got to the airport       to find that the plane had left two minutes before.

 A. just  B. only   C. in order    D. almost
解析：选B。“only+不定式”结构表示令人失望的结果。句意为：他到达机场，结果却发现飞机在两分钟之前就飞走了。

 

三、回归教材
英语选修8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors 

P.38
　A Visit to the Zhoukoudian Caves

A group of students (S) from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit. An archaeologist (A) is showing them round.
A:  Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China. It is a great pleasure to meet           you students from England, who are interested in archaeology. You must be aware that it's here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world. We've been excavating here for many years and ...
S1: I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only rocks and trees.
A: Good question. You are an acute observer. We have found human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects. So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.
S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn't have mats, blankets or quilts like we do.

  It must have been very uncomfortable.
A: We've discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires. That would have kept them warm, cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well. We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter. We haven't found any doors but we think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold during the freezing winter.
S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago?
A: Well, we've been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies. Now what do you think this tells us about the life of these early people? (shows picture of a sewing needle)
S2.: Gosh! That's a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repaired things?
A: What else do you think it might have been used for?
S4: Let me look at it. It's at most three centimetres long. Ah yes, it seems to be made of bone. I wonder how they made the hole for the ...
S2: (interrupting) Do you mean that they made their own clothes? Where did they get the material?
A: They didn't have material like we have today. Can you guess what they used?
Sl: Wow! Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? How did they prepare them? I'm  sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.
A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins. We continue discovering tools that were sharpeners for other tools. It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin. Then smaller scrapers were probably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin. After that they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to make it soft. Finally, they would cut it and sew the pieces together. Quite a difficult and messy task! Now look at this. (shows a necklace)
S2:Why, it's a primitive necklace. Did early people really care about their appearance like /as we do? It's lovely!
A:Yes, and so well preserved. What do you think it's made of?.
S4:Let me see. Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animal bones but others are made of shells.
A:How clever you are! One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from the seaside. Can you identify any other bones?
S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone. Is that reasonable?
A:Yes, indeed,           as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. Probably there were fish in it.
S3:But a lake is not the sea. We are miles from the sea, so how did the seashells get here?
A:Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys. We know that they moved around, following the herds of animals. They didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals. That's why they are called hunters and gatherers. Now, why don't we go and visit the caves?

 

  P.43  
ＴＨＥ　ＦＥＡＳＴ：１８，０００ＢＣ
Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit. It was the custom of family groups to separate and then gather again at different sites for reunions as they followed the animal herds across the grasslands. A wrinkle appeared on her forehead. If only it could be just like last year! At that time she had been so happy when Dahu chose her as the future mother of his children. He was the best toolmaker in the group and it was a great honour for her to be chosen. She remembered the blood pulsing through her veins. She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice. If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year! Then she wouldn't have been feeling so worried now.
         Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her. She had no man with his spear to protect her. She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped. So the men had brought home the meat for the feast! The smell of cooking meat filled the air surrounding her, and her senses became dizzy with hunger. She could see her mother and the older children preparing the deer and pig meat over the fire. Her aunts were making clothes with animal skins. Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna. Lala smiled with relief. It was good to have her family around her.
        Just then a tall man came up behind her. He had a large, square face, with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones. Over his shoulder he carried several fish and some pieces of wood under his arm. Lala smiled and handed some stone scrapers over to Dahu, who smiled and went outside the cave to begin his task.
        First he looked carefully at the scrapers and then went to a corner of the cave and pulled out some more tools. They were in a pile with other sharp arrowheads and stone axe-heads. He chose one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of the scraper that needed sharpening. Now and then Dahu would stop, look at it and try it against his hand before continuing his task. He stopped when he felt the scrapers were sharp enough to cut up the meat and scrape the fish. As he passed them to Lala, the first of the guests from the neighbouring caves began to arrive for dinner. Lala's spirits rose. Yes, it was going to be just as wonderful as last year! She smiled to herself gaily and went out of the cave to welcome her friends and neighbours.
ｐ．８２
Ａ　ＧＲＥＡＴ　ＡＣＨＡＥＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬ　ＤＩＳＣＯＶＥＲＹ　ＩＮ　ＴＨＥ　２０ＴＨ　ＣＥＮＴＵＲＹ

This was one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. Its find was as dramatic and exciting as the discovery itself. Here is the story.
The first hint
       The first hint that led to the discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamun was on November 4th, 1922. Howard Carter, the excavator, noted in his diary:
       "At about 10 am I discovered underneath the first hut the first step of the entrance to the tomb ... It seemed like a staircase(楼梯) to a tomb of the type of the 18th Dynasty but nothing more could be discovered till the rubbish was cleared away."
       The next day Carter and his team removed the rubbish from the staircase to find the remains of a doorway that was still fastened. This was very significant as it was clearly a tomb of somebody important, and it had not been robbed. He noticed some of the wall had fallen away and when he looked inside, he saw a corridor completely filled with stones and rubbish.
       On November 26th, 1922 Carter's colleagues from England came to see what he had found. They started to remove the rubbish from the corridor.
The find
       When Carter got to the second sealed doorway, he made a small hole to see what was inside that room or passageway (antechamber a room in front of an important room) and put a candle inside to get a better view. Everyone with him waited eagerly. He widened the hole and let the others look inside too. In his diary he describes their astonishment at the marvellous(绝妙的) collection of treasures. They included: two strange black statues of the king, wearing gold shoes and carrying royal insignia(徽章); gold chairs decorated with the heads of animals and gods; beautifully painted boxes; flowers; vases decorated with some beautiful flower designs; strange black boxes; white chests; a golden seat for the Pharaoh(法老) and lastly a cart made of gold.
       Their first impression was of a room filled with treasure from another civilization. They felt amazement, shock and surprise, and they couldn't help asking themselves, "Was it a collection hidden from thieves or the doorway to a Pharaoh's tomb?"

（ｐ．８３）
The tomb
       On February 17th of the next year they eventually came to what all archaeologists dream of - an unopened tomb of an Egyptian Pharaoh. The room or burial chamber with the king's body contained boxes of all shapes and sizes. One held the king's body and had his name on it, so they knew whose tomb it was. When it was examined, it was found that the body had been turned into a mummy(木乃伊) and placed within three boxes, one inside the other. One of the boxes was made of pure gold. Another smaller box beside the Pharaoh's body held the four jars containing the liver, lungs, stomach and intestines(肠) of the Pharaoh. In all there were more than 6,000 objects found in the tomb. Carter described the sight as "'one that was greater than any other and one we never dreamed of seeing. We were astonished by the beauty and refinement of the art displayed by the objects, which was greater than we could have imagined."