定语从句学习的难点突破

     所谓定语从句（THE ATTRABUTIVE CLAUSE）是指在主从复合句中修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句。定语从句在英语学习中是比较复杂却又是运用的比较广泛的一种从句形式,是各级各类英语语法必考的热点之一，也是考生通常感到较难掌握的语言知识之一，而且随着阅读理解在各种考试中得占分比例的增加，定语从句的重要性就更加突出了，因为，使阅读文章复杂化的简单途径就是借助于定语从句。

    所以正确理解定语从句不仅在单项选择，而且在完形填空、阅读理解、以及书面表达中都非常重要，因为定语从句的掌握好坏直接影响到考生们对于长句、难句、复杂句的理解，进而直接影响考生的得分。整理本定语从句语法专题的目的，就是帮助考生用最短的时间攻克定语从句学习难关，在考试中取得好成绩。

一、定语从句的基本概念：

(一)定义

(二)关系代词的作用

(三)须用that引导的定语从句

情况1： nothing,everything,anything,much, all,little，something等不定代词作先行词时，常用that引导从句.

例句:

  Is there anything that I can do for you?

情况2:指物的先行词前被序数词修饰时。

例句:

  The first thing that we should do is to help him.

情况3:指物的先行词前被形容词最高级修饰时。

例句:

  This is the best foreign film that I have ever seen.

情况4:指物的先行词前被the very, the only, the same修饰时。

 例句:

  That’s the very tool that we are looking for.

情况5:先行词既指人又指物时。例 句:

  They talked about the things and friends that they could remember.

情况6:主句是由Who/Which引导的特殊疑问句时。例 句:

  Who is the man that is standing over there?

  Which is the tool that you are looking for?

(四)不可由that引导的定语从句:

情况1:在非限制性定语从句中。例 句:

Mr Smith ,who lives in Chicago, is a  doctor .

情况2:关系代词在从句中作前置介词的宾语时。例 句:

  This is the room in which Mr Liu once lived .

情况3:由that作先行词时。例 句:

  The bread which is made by my mother is better than that which is sold in food shops.

情况4:

someone.somebody,nobody,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody等指人的不定代词作先行词时。例 句:

  Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

  （五）非限制性定语从句的特点：

1.不能用that引导定语从句。

2.关系代词不能省略。

3.非限制性定语从句前需有逗号

  （六）关系副词的用法：

         关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当状语。
1．when指代表示时间的先行词在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当时间状语。例如：
  October 1，1949 was the day when（=on which） the People’s Republic of China was founded.
2、where指代“代表地点的先行词”在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当地点状语。例如：
  We will visit the house where(=in which)lu Xun was born.

        注意：如果代表地点的先行词在定于从句中不是充当状语，而是充当“主语”、“宾语”等句子成分，则不能够用where引导定语从句来修饰“代表地点的先行词”。例如：

  1)   This is the museum which we visited the day before yesterday.

  2)We are going to visit the farm which his father bought in the World War Two.

3. why代替先行词在定语从句中相当于相应的介词在从句中充当原因状语.例如:
  Who can tell me the reason why(=for which) tom was absent today?
二、定语从句的学习难点：

         同学们务必认真分析历届高考中有关定语从句的语言考点分布及命题轨迹，结合平时自己的薄弱环节及容易产生理解误区的内容进行归纳总结，特别需要注意以下起六个方面的学习难点：
一）选用关系代词还是关系副词？
    关系代词和关系副词的选择是定语从句的学习重点和难点。在定语从句中关系代词与关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分。如果该从句缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，须用关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that等来引导定语从句；如果从句缺少状语时，就得选用关系副词when,where,why等来引导包含定语从句的主从复合句。切记：务必根据先行词在定语从句中所从当的成分及从句的句子结构或功能来选择相应的关系代词或关系副词。试比较：
  1）I still remember the days which we spent in london.（注：先行词days在从句中充当spent的宾语。）
  2）I still remember the days when we studied in london..(注：先行词days 在从句中充当时间状语。)
  3）I still remember the days in which we studied in the same class.(注：先行词days在从句中充当前置介词in的宾语。)
二）何时须用that引导何时不能用引导定语从句呢？
        that在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指物，既可以作主语、宾语又可以作表语。在下列情况下须用that引导定语从句。(1)当先行词是指物的不定代词，如:

   all,much,little,everything,nothing,anything,one等时；但something作先行词时，也可以用which引导定语从句。例如：
  4）That’s all that I know and i have nothing that I can tell you.
  5）There is still something which/that I can’t tell you at present.
(2）指物的先行词被不定代词all,much,few,little,every,each,some,no或被the only,the very,the same等限定词所修饰时。例如：

  6)This is the only book that I really need.
(3)先行词既指人又指物时。例如：
  7)My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and people that they could remember.
(4)先行词在定语从句中作表语时。例如：

  8)China is no longer the one that it used to be.
(5)指物的先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词所修饰时。例如：
  9)The first book that I read in english is dickens’ novel.
(6)、当主句是以who或which引导的特殊疑问句时。例如：
  10)Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday? Who is the girl that is standing over there?
三)在以下的情况下定语从句却不能用that引导定语从句：
(1)   先行词在定语从句中充当前置介词的宾语时，不能用that；指人时只能用whom 引导从句，指物时只能用which引导从句。例如：
  11)The man about whom you are talking is our headmaster.
(2)在非限制性定语从句中。例如：
  12) It was in the street last sunday that I met a friend, who had just come from new york.
(3)先行词为someone, anyone, everyone, anybody, somebody, nobody , these ,those等指人的不定代词时。例如：

  13) Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
(4)that充当主句的先行词时。例如：
  14) I don’t like this magazine, and I like that /which you sent me the day before yesterday.
温馨提醒：当way作先行瓷时， 定语从句常用in which，that引导定语从句或或省略关系代词如：

  15)I don’t like the way (in which/ that) you spoke to your mother.
四）“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用原则
1、前置介词的选择应根据定语从句中动词词组或搭配的需要。例如：
  16）The book in which you are interested was sent by my uncle.( be interested in系固定动词词组。)
2、 前置介词的选择应于主句中先行词与介词的固定搭配相关。例如：
  17）I don’t like the way in which you speak to her.(1993年上海高考题,in …way系固定的搭配。)
五）as/which指代主句整体，引导非限制性定语从句的区别
1、位置的区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，既可以前插到主句之前，也可放在主句之后，甚至可以插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句位置死板，只能跟在主句之后。试对比：
  18）As we all know,Taiwan is part of china.
  19）Taiwan ,as we all know,is part of china。
  20）Taiwan is part of China,as we all know.
  21) Taiwan is part of china, which is taught at schools.
2、词义及与主句的联系上的区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间关系密切，as 本身意含“正如”或“就像”之意。而which引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似于并列关系，which本身表示“这”或“这一点”的意思。此外，as习惯上常于表示感知的动词或形容词（describe，do，tell，expect，point out，see，know，known；well-known，seen，understood）等连用。例如：

 22)To shut your eyes to facts，as many of you do，is foolish.
 23）Light travels faster than sound, which was taught by our physics teacher.
 24）Light travels faster than sound, as the teacher once pointed out.
3、当指物的先行词前已经被the same，such等表示同类的限定词所修饰时，定语从句常用as引导。例如：

25）I won’t want such/the same coat as you you’ve got。
    特别提醒：非限制性定语从句具有以下三大特点：

1）不能用that引导从句；

2、关系代词或关系副词不能省略；

3）只能用关系代词或关系副词引导非限制性定语从句。
六）定语从句的主谓一致性原则和时态一致性原则
1、关系代词在定语从句中充当主语时，从句的谓语应于先行词保持人称与数的一致。例如：
26）Kate is one of the girls who are able to sing and dance well.
27）Kate is the only one of the girls who is able to sing and dance excellently.
2、定语从句中从句动词时态应与主句的动词时态保持一致，或都以现在为基点，或都以过去为基点。但是，大家要视具体的语境而定，主句与从句的动词时态基点有时也可以不同。例如：
28）Where is the girl who offered me a lot of help just now, sir ?
七）保持主句完整性并避免从句成分重叠性的原则
   1、定语从句中不管出现任何情况，都必须保持主句句子结构的完整性。即主句必须具备主语和谓语，而且不可缺一。否则，整个主从复合句也就无法成立。试比较：
29）Is this factory______ we visited last year?

30）Is this the factory ______ we visited last year?
a.which  b.what  c.where  d.the one
分析：1）第一题的主句缺少表语，只有d项才能保证主句的完整性，而其他选项均为干扰项。
2）第二题的正确选项为 a项,因为先行词在从句中作宾语。
   2、在定语从句中关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词在从句中独立地或与相应的介词充当一定的成分。因此，定语从句中就不能出现与关系代词或关系副词相重叠的成分。例如：
31）改错：Excuse me, is this the train that we should take it, madame?
分析：该题中that已经代替先行词train在定语从句中充当及物动词take的宾语，故与其重叠的成分须去除。

八）专项立刻检测配套练习附：参考答案

    请同学们自觉完成以下精选的定语定语从句的运用能力，请同学们自觉完成以下精选的定语从句配套练习：
1.I've read all the books　　　 you offered me.
 a.which　 b.them　 c.what d.that
2.There isn't much 　I can do for you.
 a.what b.which　 c.that　d.how
3.She keeps a record of everything　　 she had seen there.
 a.where　 b.that　 c.which d.what
4.Please tell us about the people and the places 　　are different from ours.
  a.that　 b.who　 c.which　d.whom
5.Mr smith said that wenzhou was the first city　　　 he had visited in china.
  a.that b.where　 c.which　d.what
6.The TV play I watched last night is the best one 　I have watched this month.
 a.which　 b.what　c.whose　 d.that
7.Last sunday they reached qingdao, 　　　 a conference was to be held.
a.which b.that　c.when  d.where
8.Is this the museum　　　 you visited the other day?
 a.that b.where c.in which　d.the one
9.I began to work in beijing in the year　　　 new china was founded.
  a.when b.that　 c.which　 d.where
10.This is the very film　　　 I've long wished to see.
  a.which　 b.that　 c.who　 d.whom
11.There is no difficulty　　　 can't be overcome in the world.
  a.that　b.which　 c.who d.what
12.Who is the person　　　  is standing at the gate of beijing tourism tower?
  a.who  b.that　c.which　 d.whom
13.This was the supermarket 　　　 I bought this kind of tin.
  a.where　 b.that　c.who　d.which
14.The house 　　　 the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.
  a.that　b.where　c.what　d.when
15.This is the last time 　　　 I shall come here to help you.
  a.that　b.which　 c.when　d.what
16.The house 　　　 we live is not big.
A.in that B.which C.in which D.that
17.My neighburs used to give me a hand in time of trouble, 　　　 was very kind of them.
 A.who　B.that　C.which　D.whom
18.All　　　 glitters is not gold.
 A.that　B.which  C.／　D.what
参考答案
1.d2.c3.b 4.a 5.a6.d 7.d8.a9.a10.b11.a12.b 13.a 14.a15.a16.c17.c18.a