加载中…
美国防空手册部分章节（２）
(2007-12-25 02:14:58)
标签：
军事 |
- The propulsion for the missile is provided by a
separable launch (eject) motor and a dual thrust flight motor. The
launch (eject) motor provides initial thrust that ejects the
missile from the launch tube. It allows the missile to coast a safe
distance (28 feet or 8.53 meters) from the gunner, prior to
ignition of the flight motor. The launch motor is expended and
separated from the flight motor before the missile is out of the
launch tube. The expended launch motor leaves the launch tube and
falls a safe distance forward of the gunner. Also, at separation, a
lanyard attached to the launch motor pulls the shorting plug from
the flight motor ignition circuit, thus enabling the flight motor
to ignite. The flight motor provides propulsion for the missile
during flight. The flight motor fires after the missile coasts for
a safe distance from the gunner. Thrust for the flight motor is
provided in two phases: boost and sustain. Initially, both burn
simultaneously. The boost phase rapidly accelerates the missile to
its top speed. The boost phase ends, but the sustain phase
continues. The sustain phase maintains the missile speed for
a
time sufficient to complete the mission. - Part of the propulsion system is the tail assembly. The tail
assembly consists of four folding tail fins that provide roll and
missile stability. The fins are in a folded position in the launch
tube. As the missile leaves the launch tube, the fins are erected
by spring action and then locked into place by the force generated
by missile spin.
Launch Tube Assembly
- The launch tube assembly (figure 3-4) is a fiberglass tube
which houses the missile. It provides the means to transport, aim,
and fire the missile. The launch tube provides the main support for
all other parts of the weapon round. Both ends of the launch tube
are sealed with breakable disks. The front disk is transparent to
IR radiation, allowing the radiation to reach the heat-sensitive
missile seeker. The front disk breaks outward at launch, and the
aft disk blows out as the launch motor ignites. A desiccant
cartridge and humidity indicator measures the humidity level in the
sealed tube. The hinged sight assembly attached to the launch tube
allows the gunner to sight the weapon, determine target range,
superelevate the weapon, and hear the audible tones through the
acquisition indicators. The eye shield attached to the sight frame
protects the gunner's left eye during launch. The launch tube is
destroyed and discarded after the missile is fired.
http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/fm44-100-2fd/3-04.jpg
Figure 3-4. Stinger Launch Tube with IFFGripstock Assembly
- The gripstock is attached to and removed from a launch tube by means of a latch. Located on the gripstock assembly are the safety and actuator device, uncaging switch, firing trigger, IFF antenna assembly, IFF INTERROGATE switch, IFF interrogator connector, and Battery Coolant Unit (BCU) receptacle. After a missile is launched, the separable gripstock is removed from the launch tube for reuse. It can be reused until failure.
- When the IFF antenna assembly is deployed and the interrogator is connected to the gripstock, it is capable of interrogating aerial platforms and receiving coded replies. After a missile is fired the IFF antenna assembly folds into a holder on the right side of the gripstock assembly.
- The BCU is used to energize the weapon's electrical
circuits and to cool the IR detector in the missile's seeker prior
to launch of the missile. It contains a thermal battery to provide
power for preflight operation, and pressurized argon gas coolant
(figure 3-4).
Interrogator Friend or Foe System (IFF)
- Stinger is equipped with an IFF subsystem to aid in the identification of aerial platforms. The IFF system classifies aerial platforms as either friendly or unknown. It does not identify hostile aerial platforms. IFF components include the IFF interrogator and an interconnecting cable.
- The gunner initiates the IFF sequence by pressing the IFF INTERROGATE switch on the gripstock assembly. The interrogator attached to the gunner's belt sends a coded signal to the aerial platform. Once the gunner issues a challenge, the rest of the sequence is automatic.
- The aerial platform's transponder then prepares and sends a coded reply. The reply is received by the Stinger IFF antenna and is routed to the interrogator for decoding. The interrogator converts the reply into an audible tone that is then routed via the interconnecting cable to the gunner as a friendly tone. If the aerial platform's transponder sends an incorrect reply to the IFF challenge, the reply is processed by the IFF system into an unknown tone. Aerial platforms not equipped with transponders will not reply to the challenge, and this is also interpreted into an unknown tone. The gunner hears the friendly or unknown tone immediately after challenging the aerial platform.
- The IFF challenge is coded in a complex, cryptographic secure Mode 4 form, or a simpler Mode 3 form. All US combat aerial platforms and helicopters are equipped with transponders to provide friendly Mode 4 and 3 replies. Since the Mode 4 code is secure, a friendly Mode 4 reply is considered a true friend reply. A friendly Mode 3 reply is considered only as a possible friend reply.
- Support equipment for the IFF includes a programmer battery
charger AN/GSX-1, computer KIR-1C/ TSEC (with power supply model
ZAC A/1), and two code changing keys KOI-18/ TSEC. The computer and
code changing keys, when set with classified code, are classified
CONFIDENTIAL, and must be safeguarded as outlined in TB 380-41. The
interrogator (specifically, the reply evaluator module within the
interrogator) is also classified CONFIDENTIAL, and proper security
measures must be taken for it. An IFF subsystem training set is
available for training purposes. See TM 9-1425-429-12 and TM
9-1425-2586-10 for operation instructions.
Weapon Round Container
- A weapon round container provides environmental protection for
one weapon round and several BCU during shipping and storage. The
container is equipped with on set of ear plugs, four latches,
handles for two-man carry, a pressure relief valve, a humidity
indicator, and a BCU storage area (figure 3-5).
Ready Rack
- A container is converted to a ready rack by releasing the
latches that make the ready round (a weapon-round with BCU
installed) readily accessible. The ready rack setup provides the
capability for a gunner to open the container, remove, shoulder,
and prepare the weapon for engagement within 10 seconds (figure
3-5).
http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/fm44-100-2fd/3-05.jpg
Figure 3-5. Weapon Round Container as a Ready Rack.System Operational Overview
- The Stinger operates by the gunner sighting on a target. The
gunner centers the target in the sight range ring. The gunner
interrogates the target by pressing the IFF interrogator switch and
listens for an IFF response. If the response is not a friend, he
continues tracking and ranging the target. When the target is
within range, he operates a safety and actuation device. When a
distinct acquisition tone is heard, he presses and holds the
uncaging switch. After identifying the target as hostile (aided and
assisted by the team chief) the gunner will superelevate the
weapon. He will then place the target in proper lead reticule and,
if IR tone is still distinct, he squeezes and holds the firing
trigger. The gunner continues to track the target for three to five
seconds. The BCU must be removed in less than three minutes after
firing to prevent damage to the reusable gripstock.
Employment
- Stinger's primary role is to provide Air Defense for forward
combat elements against low-altitude hostile aerial platforms.
Stinger defends high-priority maneuver and field artillery
battalions in position and also defends high-priority critical
assets (such as command posts, trains, ammunition storage point
(ASP) and POL). Stinger complements other ADA systems when
priorities and the situation permit.
Employment considerations
- The following must be considered when employing Stinger:
-
- The certified round requires no special maintenance.
- The weapon is totally manportable. It weighs 35 pounds.
- Aerial targets must be visually acquired and identified prior to firing.
- Missile back blast requires 50 meters (164 ft) of clearance behind the weapon for personnel safety. Allow at least five meters (16 ft) safety distance from equipment.
Stationary Point Defense
- Stinger's ability to engage approaching aerial platforms makes
it valuable for stationary point defenses. Its effectiveness is
significantly enhanced when other ADA systems are allocated to the
same defense. Teams should normally be positioned so that the
engagement capability of one team overlaps that of an adjacent
team. Positioning teams from two to three kilometers apart will
provide this capability. In cases where more than one weapon system
is employed in the same defense, overlapping fires should be
achieved between weapons systems. When permitted by the tactical
situation, teams must be positioned far enough out from the asset
being defended to permit threat aerial platform engagement prior to
ordnance release.
Mobile Point Defense
- Stinger provides the ADA commander with an excellent capability to protect mobile assets to include moving maneuver units. MANPADS teams will often provide Air Defense for units moving in convoy or march column along roads behind the line of contact. Stinger defense of such convoys may be conducted by either pre-positioning teams along the route of march at key points such as choke points and bridges or integrating teams into the march column. When integrated into the convoy the positioning of MANPADS will depend on convoy length and available MANPAD weapons
- Early engagement by placing the gunner out and away from the defended asset is desired whenever possible. This is done so that the gunner can engage and destroy the target prior to the aerial platform reaching its ordnance release line. Gunners must be provided sufficient time to ready their weapons. When not alerted, they must have their MANPAD weapons close by, even when they are performing their own security and maintenance duties. System effectiveness largely depends on gunner reaction time. The gunner needs to know the weapons control status (WCS) in effect and be trained on expected threat aerial platform tactics.
喜欢
0
赠金笔
前一篇：美国防空手册部分章节（１）
后一篇：美国防空手册部分章节（３）