论“保险业务”的实质判定标准——兼析经营延保、救援服务是否构成非法经营保险业务

曹顺明1  赵鹏2

（1.中国再保险（集团）股份有限公司,北京 100033；2.中国保险监督管理委员会发展改革部,北京 100033 ）

［摘要］“保险业务”的实质判定标准是一个我国保险理论上几无研究,保险实务中经常遇到,对我国保险基础理论完善、保险业改革发展、保险业科学监管甚至社会经济发展均影响甚大的一个重要法律问题。“保险业务”不同于“保险公司可以经营的业务”。确定“保险业务”的实质判定标准应坚持符合法治、符合保险原理、有利于消费者权益保护、有利于维护市场秩序和促进创新的原则。允许开展与“保险业务”存在互补或替代关系的非保险业务不仅不会阻碍保险业发展,相反会促进保险业发展,推进创业与创新,使消费者得到更多实惠。“保险业务”的实质判定标准包括危险显著转移与危险承担、非依附性与独立法律请求权、给付的射幸性与补偿性、对价性与金钱给付四个要件。我国市场上多数延保、救援服务不属于“保险业务”。

［关键词］保险业务；判定标准；延保服务；救援服务

The Material Criterion for Insurance Business—Whether service contract or emergency assistance service belongs to illegal insurance business

CAO Shunming,ZHAO Peng

（China Reinsurance (Group) Corporation，Beijing 100033；China Insurance Regulatory Commission,Development and Reform Department,Beijing 100033）

    Abstract：The material criterion for insurance business is barely discussed in the insurance theoretic research in our country.However,this topic is very common in the insurance practice,and it is also a significant legal issue for many aspects,such as the improvement of insurance basic theory,the reform and scientific supervision of the insurance industry,even our socio-economic development.Insurance business differs from the business which insurance company can operate.Ascertaining the material criterion for insurance business should follow the following principles: conforming to the rule of law and the insurance principles,in favor of consumer protection,and being beneficial to maintaining market order and promoting innovation.Allowing the insurance company to operate the non-insurance services which are complementary and substitutionary will not hinder the development of insurance industry,but can promote its development and innovation.In the meantime,the consumers will gain more benefits.The material criterion for insurance business contains four elements: whether the risk is transferred significantly and is taken by someone else,non-anaclisis and independent right of claim,the aleatory and compensatory nature of payment,and consideration and monetary payment.Most of the service contracts and emergency assistance services in our market do not belong to insurance business.

    Key words：insurance Business;material criterion;service contract;emergency assistance service

保险客户满意度研究——基于寿险市场的影响因素及客户细分分析

黄枫1 卓志2 吴纯杰3

(1.上海财经大学高等研究院,上海 200433;2.山东财经大学,山东济南 250001;3.上海财经大学统计与管理学院,上海 200433)

［摘要］进入后金融危机时代,我国保险行业快速积累时期掩盖的问题不断暴露,客户不满增加,行业形象欠佳,发展速度放缓。客户满意度对保险公司和整个行业的发展壮大至关重要。在充分的理论研究和预调研的基础上,本研究开发了一套适合中国保险业的客户满意度量表,并对一家全国性的人寿保险公司客户进行了电话调查。利用该数据,运用偏最小二乘通径模型(PLS path model),首次以大规模调查数据实证研究我国寿险客户满意度指数,及其与营销渠道、购买动机和服务接触程度之间的关系。根据本文的研究结论,对公司的管理决策和保险业的发展改革建言献策。本文的建模思路、研究方法和管理建议对于其他保险公司或行业亦具有应用价值。

［关键词］客户满意度；保险；偏最小二乘通径模型

How do Life Insurers Satisfy Their Customers—An Analysis of Determinants and Customer Segmentation

HUANG Feng，ZHUO Zhi，WU Chunjie

(1.Institute for Advanced Research,Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,Shanghai 200433;2.Shandong University of Finance and Economics,Jinan 25001;3.School of Statistics and Management,Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,Shanghai 200433)

    Abstract：At the post-financial crisis era,some serious problems having accumulated during its rapid growth period kept emerging for the insurance industry in China.Consumer dissatisfaction,poor industry image,and decelerating growth are just a few examples of these problems.Consumer satisfaction is essential for the development of insurance companies and the whole industry.Based on the previous literature and the pilot study,we interviewed customers of a nationwide life insurance company by telephone. Using the PLS path model,we established for the first time in China the Consumer Satisfaction Index model based on mass survey data and investigated how satisfaction interacted with marketing channels,purchase motivation and service encounter.We also provided suggestions on the development strategy and managerial decisions according to our main findings.The model and method also apply to other insurance companies or other industries.

    Key words：consumer satisfaction;insurance;PLS path model

未来的保险客户——基于互联网及相关技术的调查报告

安联保险集团经济研究团队

［摘要］该报告揭示了未来的客户趋势及其对保险业的影响,特别是不断变化的客户需求会对保险公司产生两方面的影响：首先,承保新的风险可能带来全新的业务机会;其次,它们可能改变保险公司和客户沟通互动的方式。最后得出结论：保险行业的未来将取决于数字化的客户服务和互动；无处不在、无时不在是关键；响应快速、节奏紧凑的消费者互动将揭示来自新消费群体的消费需求；企业将能够实时频繁地测量客户满意度；未来客户沟通的结构将主要是数字化的,但又是一个混合的模式；消费者忠诚度是这种动力组合中的核心要素,需要真诚和反复地培养；分享的客户群体；即时支付将成为未来产险业务的一个基本前提条件和关键要素。

［关键词］互联网；信息技术；保险客户；数字化

Future Insurance Clients—A research report based on Internet and other relevant technologies

Economic Research Team of Allianz

    Abstract：The report represents future insurance client trend and the impacts on the insurance industry,especially the possible changes brought about by the ever changing customer needs.According to the report,these changes are two-fold:underwriting new risks may create new growth opportunities,both for life and property insurance businesses;and they may change the way insurers interact and communicate with their clients.It then concludes that the future of the insurance industry will hinge on digitalized customer services and interactions,being accessible anywhere and anytime is the key quick response to and quick tempo for customer interaction will reveal consumption needs of new consumer groups;enterprises will be able to measure customer satisfaction frequently and real-time;the structure of customer communication will be a hybrid,but mainly digital,one;customer loyalty is the core element in this dynamic combination,and  therefore needs to be nurtured sincerely and repeatedly;the future clients are interested in sharing with others;immediate payment will become a prerequisite and crucial feature of future P&C business.

    Key words：Internet;information technology;insurance client;digitalization

完全保险假说框架下地震风险分担效果的实证检验

王稳  张运智

（对外经济贸易大学保险学院,北京 100029）

［摘要］2008年以来我国遭受了数次地震灾害,给国民经济造成了巨大损失,关于巨灾风险分担的讨论也不断增加。本文从生命周期理论出发,借助完全保险假说及其计量工具,利用中国健康与营养调查（CHNS）1989年至2011年之间9次调研的数据对完全保险假说进行了实证检验,并对地震风险分担的实际效果进行了测算。实证分析结果拒绝了完全保险假说,当前国内社会保障体系以及金融市场、保险市场还不完善,居民风险分担能力比较弱,但地震区域的家庭风险分担能力则相对较强,其原因是享受到了政府援助带来的正面效应。因此,在《国务院关于加快发展现代保险服务业的若干意见》提出的“构建多层次巨灾风险分散机制”中,应当充分考虑政府与市场的平衡,同时避免“挤出效应”与“干预不足”。

［关键词］完全保险假说；地震风险分担；CHNS

An Empirical Test of Earthquake Risk Sharing Effects within the Framework of Full Insurance Hypothesis

WANG Wen,ZHANG Yunzhi

(School of Insurance,University of International Business and Economics,Beijing 100029)

    Abstract：Several serious earthquakes since 2008 have inflicted great losses to our national economy,and academic researches and discussions on risk sharing of catastrophes increased consequently.Based on the life cycle theory,this paper used the full insurance hypothesis,relevant empirical tools and data of eight provinces from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)from 1989 to 2011 to measure the effects of current earthquake risk sharing methods.The empirical results indicated that the social security,financial markets and insurance markets in China were imperfect and were still developing and that full insurance hypothesis was rejected.Households in earthquake-prone regions,showed stronger risk-sharing capacity,because they benefited from government aids.Therefore,the forthcoming policy of “constructing a multi-level catastrophe risk diversification mechanism” proposed by “Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Modern Insurance Services” should take the balance between government and market into consideration to avoid the problems of “crowding out effect” and “insufficient intervention”.

    Key words：full insurance hypothesis;earthquake risk sharing;CHNS

食品安全责任保险模式研究

李芳  王煜

(对外经济贸易大学，北京 100021)

［摘要］食品安全问题深受国人关注,源于其损失事件的特点。食品安全责任险作为产品责任险的一种,是转移食品安全风险的途径之一。我国政府希望通过设立食品安全强制责任险来保障受害人的合法权益,减少食品生产销售企业损失,引导食品行业健康发展,协助政府处理危机。从国外经验来看,仅有高度风险和特定职业两个领域适用强制责任险,食品安全不属于这两种领域。现阶段推广食品安全强制责任险应该首先在有注册登记准入制度的食品生产销售企业展开,并通过相应的制度安排提高投保率,控制经营风险。

［关键词］食品安全;强制责任险;风险;产品责任;投保率

Should Food Security Insurance be Mandatory

LI Fang,WANG Yu

(University of International Business and Economics,Beijing 100029)

    Abstract：Food security is a very high-profile issue in China due to the characteristics of such incidents.Food security liability insurance,as one type of product liability insurance,is one of the methods to transfer food security risks.Our government hopes to protect the lawful rights of victims through mandatory food security liability insurance,reduce the losses of food producers and sellers,guide the food-producing industry to develop soundly,and assist government with risk handling.Foreign experiences show that only high risk and special profession are suitable for mandatory liability insurance,and food security doesn’t belong to these two categories.To promote mandatory food security liability insurance at the current stage,we should proceed from food producers and sellers with registration and market access systems,and take appropriate measures to lift the application ratio and control operational risks.

    Key words：food security;mandatory liability insurance;risks;product liability;application ratio

商业补充医疗保险逆向选择问题研究——基于CHARLS数据的实证检验

薄海  张跃华

(浙江大学公共管理学院,浙江 杭州 310013)

［摘要］本文利用“中国健康与养老追踪调查”2011年基线调查数据,选取个人健康风险有关变量,通过描述性统计分析、Logit模型、Probit模型以及Biavairate Probit等计量分析方法,对我国商业补充医疗保险逆向选择问题进行了检验。研究发现患有慢性病与购买保险存在微弱正相关关系；拥有商业补充医疗保险的群体集中于高学历人群；没有发现商业补充医疗保险促进医疗服务利用的证据。本文认为我国商业补充医疗保险市场存在信息不对称现象,但逆向选择的效应十分微弱。

［关键词］医疗保险；补充医疗保险；逆向选择；CHARLS数据；商业保险

A Study on Adverse Selection of Supplemental Commercial Medical Insurance:Evidence Based on CHARLS Data

BO Hai,ZHANG Yuehua

(College of Public Administration,Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Hangzhou 310013)

    Abstract：In this thesis,“China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study”2011 Baseline Data was used to test the adverse selection problem of supplemental medical insurance,risks through descriptive statistical analysis and econometric analysis such as Logit model,Probit model and Bivariate Probit model.The study found only a weak positive correlation between the presence of chronic diseases and insurance purchasing;those who owned supplemental medical insurance were mostly highly educated;there was no obvious evidence for supplemental medical insurance to promote the use of medical services.This thesis argued that there was information asymmetry in supplemental medical insurance market,but the effect of adverse selection was very weak.

    Key words：medical insurance;supplemental medical insurance;adverse selection;CHARLS Data;commercial insurance

中国年金保险货币价值（ＭＷＲ）实证研究

万晴瑶1  成德义2

（1.上海金融学院保险学院,上海 201209；2.南京大学政府管理学院,江苏 南京 210023）

［摘要］本研究首次建立我国年金保险货币价值的分析框架并开展实证研究,根据中国市场的基本数据测算年金货币价值比例（MWR）。研究发现：按照国际通行的“MWR达到0.9说明年金定价合理”这一原则,用不同的排列组合对比分析判断,目前我国年金产品定价基本合理；在我国部分城市人口的平均寿命水平下,目前年金保险对个人而言具有实际价值,被保险人不仅可以收回保险费成本,还可以获得长寿风险保障；不同年金产品MWR差异显著,无任何给付期间保证或无金额保证的终身年金MWR最高。相同产品在不同年龄购买时对应的年金MWR也各不相同,存在最优购买年龄。本文还对如何创新和优化年金保险供给提出建议。

［关键词］年金保险；货币价值比例（MWR）；长寿风险

An Empirical Study on the Money’s Worth Ratio (MWR) of Annuity in China

WAN Qingyao1,CHENG Deyi2

(1.School of Insurance,Shanghai Finance University,Shanghai,201209;2.School of Government Management,Nanjing University,Jiangsu Nanjing 210023)

    Abstract：Annuity can hedge against the longevity risk but it is not popular in China.Except for the constrains of low insurance awareness etc.,people’s lack of understanding of what is the Money’s Worth Ratio (MWR) of annuity is also an important reason.This is the first time to set up the analysis structure of the MWR of annuity in China,and uses unique macro and micro data from China market to calculate the MWR of annuity in China.We found that: annuity is fairly priced in China according to the rule of MWR no less than 0.9;considering China’s average life expectancy in some big cities,annuity products are of practical value to individuals who can not only recover their premiums paid but also enjoy longevity insurance; there are some big differences of MWR among different annuity products,the whole-life annuity without any payment period or amount guarantee has the highest MWR.The same annuity product has different MWR when purchased at different age,therefore there is an optimal age for buying an annuity product.The paper also offered some suggestions on how to improve on and optimize annuity products.

    Key words：annuity;Money’s Worth Ratio;longevity risk

我国财产保险公司经营效率改善潜力来源—基于非参数共同前沿分析框架

郭尉1  景鹏2  孙武军3

(1.西南财经大学工商管理学院,四川 成都 611130；2.西南财经大学保险学院,四川 成都 611130；3.南京大学商学院,江苏 南京 210093)

［摘要］考虑到财产保险公司之间存在生产技术异质性,采用共同前沿函数和非径向DEA方法构建非参数共同前沿分析框架,对2006~2013年我国31家财产保险公司的经营效率进行实证测度,分析效率损失原因并揭示效率改善的潜力来源。研究发现：共同前沿下的经营效率水平,低于组别前沿下的情况,但显示了最佳技术条件下财险保险公司经营效率的最大改善潜力；我国财产保险公司总体经营效率较高,中资公司效率高于外资公司,表明外资公司存在更大的效率改善空间；管理无效和技术无效是导致经营效率损失的两大来源,其中外资公司经营效率损失主要由技术无效造成,中资公司经营效率损失的原因则具有多样性；前者效率改善的策略是提高生产技术水平,而后者应根据效率损失来源的关键方面提出有针对的设计策略。

［关键词］经营效率；潜力来源；技术异质性；共同前沿；组别前沿

Sources of Potential Operational Efficiency Improvement for China's Property Insurance Companies—A non-parameter metafrontier approach framework

GUO Wei1,JING Peng2,SUN Wujun3

(1.Southwestern University of Finance and Economics,School of Business Administration,Sichuan Chengdu 611130;2.Southwestern University of Finance and Economics,School of Insurance,Sichuan Chengdu 611130;3.Nanjing University,School of Business,Jiangsu Nanjing 210093)

    Abstract：Considering the production technological heterogeneity among property insurance companies,this thesis used metafrontier function and non-radial DEA approach to construct a non-parameter metafrontier framework to exponentially measure the operational efficiency of 31 property insurers during the period of 2006-2013,analyze reasons for efficiency loss and,try to discover sources for potential efficiency enhancement.The analysis found that:(1)The operational efficiency under metafrontier was lower than that in the group frontier,but this also indicated the maximum potential of insurance companies to improve their efficiencies under a best technology scenario;(2)The overall efficiency of China’s property insurance companeis was  relatively high,and the Chinese-owned companies had higher efficiencies compared with their foreign-controlled ones,indicating that foreign-controlled insurance companies had greater room for improvement;(3)Management inefficiency and technical inefficiency were two major sources of operational loss.The loss of foreign-controlled companies was caused mainly by technical inefficiency and the latter was caused by variant reasons.To improve their efficiencies,the former should improve their technology and the latter should draw some solutions according to the sources of loss.

    Key words：operational efficiency；potentialsources；technical heterogeneity；metafrontier；group frontier

互联网保险发展对保险企业经营效率影响的实证分析

刘远翔

（武汉大学发展研究院,湖北 武汉 430000）

［摘要］2011年以来,互联网经济的快速发展使得互联网渠道成为各险企争夺的焦点,互联网保险也得以迅速发展。那么,互联网保险的发展能否提升保险企业经营效率？本文基于2014年互联网业务排名,选取7家财产保险公司和7家人寿保险公司作为样本,对这个问题进行实证分析。研究发现互联网保险业务发展对保险企业成本效率与利润效率都有积极影响,而且这种影响具有方向性。

［关键词］互联网保险；成本效率；利润效率；SFA；灰度分析

An Exponential Analysis of the Impacts of Internet Insurance Development on Operational Efficiency of Insurance Companies

LIU Yuanxiang

(Academy of Development of Wuhan University,Hubei Wuhan 430000)

    Abstract：With the rapid development of Internet economy since 2011,the Internet as a distribution channel has become the focus of competition among insurers,and Internet insurance has witnessed a rapid development.Then,can the development of Internet insurance lift the operational efficiency of insurance companies? Based on the ranking of Internet insurance business volume in 2014 and choosing 7 property & Casualty insurers and 4 life insurers as samples,this paper conducted an exponential study on this question.The research results showed that the development of Internet insurance business had positive impacts on both cost efficiency and profit efficiency,and such impacts were directional.

    Key words：Internet insurance;cost efficiency;profit efficiency;SFA;gray analysis

城镇职工基本养老保险个人账户内部收益率测算与分析

薛惠元 宋君

（武汉大学社会保障研究中心,湖北 武汉 430072）

［摘要］本文依据《国务院关于完善企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》,构建出城镇职工基本养老保险个人账户内部收益率精算模型,在对相关参数合理假设的基础上测算出城镇职工基本养老保险个人账户内部收益率,将其与银行存款利率、个人账户记账利率、企业年金和全国社会保障基金投资收益率进行对比。研究发现：现行城镇职工基本养老保险个人账户具有较高的内部收益率。建议科学核定对外公布的个人账户收益率；严格限制提前退休,优先延长女性退休年龄；建立基本养老金正常调整机制；采取提高计发月数、加强基金投资运营、推行年金化改革等多种方式,实现个人账户的精算平衡。

［关键词］城镇职工基本养老保险；个人账户；内部收益率；精算平衡

Calculation and Analysis of the Internal Rate of Return of Individual Account for Urban Workers’ Basic Old-age Insurance

XUE Huiyuan,SONG Jun

(Center for Social Security Studies of Wuhan University,Hubei Wuhan 430072)

    Abstract：According to “Decisions on Improving the Basic Old-age Insurance for China’s Urban Enterprise Employees” issued by the State Council in 2005，this paper built an actuarial model to calculate the internal rate of return (IRR)of workers’ individual account.Then on the basis of reasonable assumptions of relevant parameters,this paper estimated the IRR of personal account for urban workers’basic old-age insurance.Comparing the IRR of personal account with the bank deposit rate,the individual account billing rate,the return of enterprise annuity and national security fund,it concluded that the current individual account had a higher IRR.Based on above studies offered following suggestions:design the rate of return of personal account scientifically;restrict early retirement and give  priory to extending women’s retirement age;establish the normal adjustment mechanism of basic pension;achieve an actuarial balance of personal account through the measures of raising divisor coefficient,strengthening the investment operations of pension fund and implementing annuitization reform.

    Key words：basic old-age insurance for urban workers;personal account;internal rateof return;actuarial balance