高考对于名词的考查

在高考英语试题中对名词的考查主要有：1.名词的单复数问题；2.不可数名词的性质；3.名词作定语的用法（名词的普通格与所有格）；4.名词的辨析等。

一、名词的单复数问题

1. 以下限定词修饰可数名词的复数：both, all, these, those, one of ,(a) few, quite a few, several, a great number of, a great many, many, different，all kinds of大于或等于2的基数词等。

2. 以下限定词修饰可数名词的单数：this, that, the only, the same, such a/an, many a/an, one，either, neither, every, each, 序数词等。

3. 以下限定词修饰不可数名词：（a） little, much, a great deal of, a large amount of, quite a little, only a little，a large quantity of等。

4. 中性的限定词：some, none, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, ,等。但是，a great deal/ a lot均为程度副词，修饰行为动词。

例如：I have learnt a lot from your speech, and your advice offered me a great deal of help.

5. 可数名词单、复数变化形式  

（1）规则变化。

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy — boys, pen — pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：,box—boxes, brush — brushes。特例：stomachs。

③以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：baby — babies, lady — ladies

④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes,

heroes。(可记忆为：黑人英雄爱吃土豆)。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio — radios, zoo — zoos, photo — photos, piano — pianos, kilo — kilos, tobacco — tobaccos。 

⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife — wives, life — lives, knife — knives, wolf— wolves, self — selves, leaf — leaves，thief—

thieves等。(可记忆为：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和几片树叶站在架子上把狼劈成两半。)

特例：handkerchief— handkerchiefs, roof — roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs, belief — beliefs, cliff — cliffs。

⑥改变元音字母的。如：man — men, mouse — mice, foot — feet, woman — women, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, ox — oxen。特例：child — children。

⑦复合名词的复数形式。

（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair — armchairs, bookcase — bookcases, bookstore — book-stores。

（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor — men doctors, woman driver — women drivers。

（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law — brothers-in-law, passer-by — passers-by。 

⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。

如：zero — zeros /zeroes, deer —deers /deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。

（2）不规则变化。

①单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。

②合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend — boy-friends, grown-up — grown-ups。

③有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings环境，ashes灰尘, compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人问候，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。

④集体名词的数。

有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police;

有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;

有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。

如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。

二、.不可数名词的性质：一般来说，液体名词、气体名词、材料名词、抽象名词、物质名词、语言名词、信息名词、抽象名词、心态名词等都是不可数名词。不可数名词具体有以下五大性质：

1.前无不定冠词修饰；    2.后无复数变化；   3.常用it指代；

4.作主语时其谓语常用单数形式； 5. 复数形式需通过量词的变化来体现。

要特别注意抽象名词具体化：

Failure is the mother of success. Tom is a success at maths, but a failure in sports.

We usually have lunch at school, but today we will have a wonderful lunch at Mc Donald.

A place of interest—There are a lot of places of interest in my home town.

三、名词作定语的用法

1. 名词的普通格：名词作定语一般用单数形式。

例如：There are a lot of shoe shops in the street. But there is only one jewellery shop in it.

但是，如果man 或woman作定语时，则与被修饰的名词保持人称与数的一致。

例如：There is only one man head teacher in our grade, but five women head teachers in it.

2.所有格：包括有生命的所有格与没有生命的所有格。

1).有生命的所有格用’s结构，但是s结尾的名词及 s结尾的复数名词只用后加’。例如：

Marx was happy to receive Engels’ money and thanked him for his important help.

We sent our teachers some cards for the Teachers’ Day.

2).无生命的所有格常用of结构。例如：

We find a small hole in the corner of the front door.

3）双重所有格：限定词+名词+ of+名词性物主代词/名词’s：Tom is a friend of mine/Kate’s.

四、名词辨析主要考查同学们对相似的名词词义的辨析和包含名词的常用习惯搭配.

另外，高考中还考过的名词短语有：do sb a favor;  give sb. an offer;  the most popular choice;

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be of great value;  have a word with sb;  at …price;  have no choice but to do sth;  put…into

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practice;  have an effect on;  have a little patience;  leave a message for sb;  other forms of

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energy;  Action speaks louder than words;  come into effect;  be in use;   make use of;   

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look into the matter; _____________ play an important part/role in__________________等。

巩固性练习

1. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his__________.   

A. little wage     B. few wage      C. wage     D. wages

2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _________ during the war.

A. an ash       B. the ash        C. ash       D. ashes

3. The students at colleges or universities are making _________ for the coming New Year.

A. many preparations    B. much preparation     C. preparations    D. preparation

4. The large houses are being painted, but ___________.

A. of great expense    B. at a great expense   C. in a lot of expenses  D. by high expense

5. The room was small and contained far too _________.

A. much new furniture         B. many new furniture   

C. much new furnitures        D. many new furnitures

6. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _________.

A. rooms number    B. room number    C. room’s numbers    D. room numbers

7. She didn’t know ___________ he had been given.

A. how many information         B. the number of information  

C. how many informations        D. how much information

8. He invited all of his _________ to join his wedding party.

A. comrade-in-arms    B. comrades-in-arms   C. comrades-in-arm   D. comrade-in-arm

9. All the _________ in the hospital got a rise last month.

A. women doctors     B.  women doctor    C. woman doctors     D. woman doctor

10. After ten years, all these youngsters became__________.

A.  growns-ups   B.      grown-up      C. growns-up    D. grown-ups

11.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her _________.

  A. elder sister    B. elder sister’s    C. elder sisters    D. elder sisters dress

12.He has written several books, but his last works ________ well known among his friends.

A. have      B. have been     C. is      D. are

13.He told me ________ would come to his birthday party.

A. many Jack friends        B.  Jack’s many friends 

C. many Jack’s friend       D. many friends of Jack’s

14.I had my hair cut at the ________ around the corner.

A. barber    B. barbers    C. barber’s    D. barbers’

15.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _________.

A. Peter and Helen’s   B. Peter and Helens    C. Peter and Helen   D. Peter’s and Helen’s

16. Numerous materials are available to _________.

A. today of designers    B. today’s designers   C. today’s of designers   D. today designers

17.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don’t you know he is an old friend of _________?

A. my brother     B. my brothers     C. my brother’s     D. my brother’s friend

18._________ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.

A. This John’s old friend        C. That’s John’s old friend

B. This old friend of John       D. This old friend of John’s

19.Generally there are _________ television programs for children on Saturday.

A. little     B. much      C. a large number of     D. a large amount of

20.When they got to the lecture-room, there were _________ left.

A. only few seats    B. a very few seats    C. only a few seats  D. so a few seats

21.The Department purchased _________ to improve the working conditions there.

A. a new equipment      B. a new piece of equipment 

C. new equipments       D. new pieces of equipments

22.The boy tried hard but there has been _________ in his work.

A. little improvement         B. a little improvement 

  C. many improvements       D. few improvements

23.All _________ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.

A. business student   B. business’s students   C. business students   D. business’s student

24._________ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.

A. Three minutes call         B. Three-minute call

  C. A three-minutes call        D. A three-minute call

25._________the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.

A. Chinese were    B. The Chinese was    C. Chinese was    D. The Chinese were

26._________ can get a better view of the game than the participants.

A. Looker-on    B. Lookers-on    C. Looker-ons    C. Lookers-ons

27.Scott is an orphan but he received _________.

A. very good education        B. very good educations  

  C. a very good education       D. many good educations

28.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a _____ yesterday.

A. shoes shop     B. shoe shop     C. shoes’s shop     D. shoe’s shop

29.He has done some _________ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.

A. research    B. a research    C. researches    D. the researches

30.The country’s wealth comes chiefly from its many _________.

A. herd of cattle    B. heard of cattles    C. herds of cattle    D. herds of cattles

31.In Britain the _________ are all painted red.

A. letter boxes    B. letters box    C. letters boxes    D. letters’s box

32.All his _________ far from satisfaction

A. conduct is    B. conduct are    C. conducts is    D. conducts will be

33.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, _________ was done.

A. a few damages    B. few damages    C. little damage    D. a little damage

34.Would you like to have a cup of tea and _________ with me?

A. two toasts    B. two pieces of toast   C. two piece of toasts    D. tow pieces of toasts

35.Accurate _________ covering the fact are not obtainable.

A. datum      B. datums       C. data       D. datas

36.Our teacher gave me _________.

A. an advice      B. the advice     C. many advice     D. much advice

37.My mother cut the cloth with _________ scissors.

A. a       B. two       C. a couple of       D. a pair of

38.My house is within _________ from the railway station.

  A. a stone’s throw    B. a throw of a stone    C. stone’s throw    D. the stone’s throw