基本原理
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这种方法是利用类似企业的市场定价来估计目标企业价值的一种方法。
【注意】估算的结果是相对价值而不是内在价值
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常用股权市价比率模型
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基本公式
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市价/净收益比率模型(市盈率模型)
Price-to-earnings ratio(P/E)model
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目标企业股权价值=可比企业平均市盈率×目标企业盈利
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市价/净资产比率模型(市净率模型)
Price-to-book ratio (P/B)model
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目标企业股权价值=可比企业平均市净率×目标企业净资产
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市价/收入比率模型 (市销率模型)
Price-to-sales ratio (P/S)model
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目标企业股权价值=可比企业平均市销率×目标企业的销售收入
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寻找可比企业的驱动因素
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市盈率的驱动因素
Driving factors for price-to-earnings ratio model
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驱动因素:增长潜力,股利支付率和风险(股权资本成本的高低与风险有关),其中关键因素是增长潜力。
Driving factors: Growth potential, dividend payout ratio and risk(cost of equity capital) . Among which the growth rate is the key factor.
本期市盈率=股利支付率×(1+增长率)÷(股权成本-增长率)
内在市盈率(或预期市盈率)=股利支付率÷(股权成本-增长率)
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市净率的驱动因素
Driving factors for price-to-book ratio model
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驱动因素:股东权益收益率,股利支付率,增长率和股权成本,其中关键因素是股东权益收益率。
Driving factors: return on equity, dividend payout ratio, growth rate, and cost of equity capital. Among which the return on equity is the key factor.
本期市净率=股东权益收益率×股利支付率×(1+增长率)÷(股权成本-增长率)
内在市净率(或预期市净率)=股东权益收益率×股利支付率÷(股权成本-增长率)
【链接】股东权益净利率即权益净利率
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市销率的驱动因素
Driving factors for price-to-sales ratio model
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驱动因素:销售净利率、股利支付率、增长率和股权成本。其中关键因素是销售净利率。
Driving factor: profit margin, dividend payout ratio, growth rate, cost of equity capital. Among which the profit margin is the key factor.
本期市销率=销售净利率×股利支付率×(1+增长率)÷(股权成本-增长率)
内在市销率(或预期市销率)=销售净利率×股利支付率÷(股权成本-增长率)
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模型的适用性
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市盈率模型的适用性
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优点
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1,计算市盈率的数据容易取得,且计算简单
Data is easily obtained, and calculation is easy.
2,市盈率把价格和收益联系起来,直观地反映投入和产出的关系
It connects price-to-earnings ratio with income and reflects the relationship between investment and yield in a direct way.
3,市盈率涵盖了风险补偿率、增长率、股利支付率的影响,具有很高的综合性。
It covers the effect of risk premium, growth rate, and dividend payout ratio which is comprehensive.
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局限性
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1,如果收益是负值,市盈率就失去了意义
It loses its value if the income id negative.
2,市盈率除了受到企业本身基本面的影响外,还受到整个经济景气程度的影响。在整个经济繁荣时市盈率上升,整个经济衰退时市盈率下降。
Except for the self-effect , the ratio is also reflected by the overall economy and increases in economy prosperity and decrease in economic downturn.
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适用范围
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市盈率模型最适合连续盈利,并且β接近1的企业。
The price-to-earnings ratio is most suitable for firms with β close to one and is continuously profitable.
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市净率模型的适用性
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优点
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1,市净率极少为负值,可用于大多数企业
Applicable to most enterprise because it rarely negative
2,净资产账面价值的数据容易取得,并且容易理解
The book value of net asset is easy to be obtained and understood
3,净资产账面价值比净利稳定,也不像利润那样经常被人为操纵
The book value of net asset is more stable than net profit and less likely to be manipulated.
4,如果会计标准合理并且各企业会计政策一致,市净率的变化可以反映企业价值的变化
If the accounting standard is reasonable and the accounting policy adopted by enterprises is consistent, the ratio can reflect the value change of enterprises.
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局限性
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1,账面价值受会计政策选择的影响,如果各企业执行不同的会计标准或会计政策,市净率可能失去可比性
Book value is affected by accounting policy, if different accounting standards are adopted by enterprises, then price to net asset ratio is incomparable.
2,固定资产很少的服务型企业和高科技企业,净资产和企业价值的关系不大,其市净率比较没有实际意义。
It is meaningless when this model is applied to enterprises with limit fixed assets, service and high-tech enterprise whose value have little relationship with net asset.
3,少数企业的净资产是负债,市净率没有意义,无法用于比较
Some enterprises have negative net asset in which are case this ratio is meaningless and incomparable.
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适用范围
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这种方法主要适用于需要拥有大量资产、净资产为正值的企业。
The price-to-book ratio model is most suitable for firms with a great many assets and positive net asset.
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市销率模型的适用性
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优点
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1,它不会出现负值,对于亏损企业和资不抵债的企业,也可以计算出一个有意义的价值乘数。
No negative figure, which can be applied to loss making enterprises or enterprises unable to meet their debts.
2,它比较稳定、可靠,不容易被操纵
It is relatively stable and reliable which is less likely to be manipulated.
3,市销率对价格政策和企业战略变化敏感,可以反映这种变化的后果。
It is sensitive to the change of price policy and enterprise strategy. The result of the change can be reflected.
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局限性
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不能反映成本的变化,而成本是影响企业现金流量和价值的重要因素之一
The change of cost is unable to be reflected which is one of the key factors that affects the cash flow and value of the enterprise.
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适用范围
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主要适用于销售成本率较低的服务类企业,或者销售成本率趋同的传统行业的企业。
The price-to-sales ratio model is mainly applied to traditional firms with low and similar cost of sales.
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