动名词  

动名词是三种非谓语动词的一种，由动词原形加构成，与现在分词的形式相同，动名词在句子中起名词的作用，因此它在句中可以作主语，表语，宾语（介词宾语或动词宾语），还可以作定语。

在句子中动名词虽然起名词作用，但他仍然有动词的若干特点；它可以有自己的宾语和状语。

1.       Learning English is difficult.

2.       His job is driving a bus.

3.       I enjoy dancing.

4.       I have got used to living in the countryside.

动名词的形式主要有以下四种

语态 时态	主动语态	被动语态
一般式	动词原形＋ing　writing	being＋过去分词 being written
完成式	having＋过去分词 having written	having been＋过去分词 having been written

一．动名词的用法

１．主语； Seeing is believing.

       Having done the work is an experience you’ll never forget.

          Writing headlines in English is not an easy job.

          Checking the information is very important.

用It作形式主语

用动名词作主语时，和动词不定式一样，有时也用It作形式主语。

It　is no use (useless)talking too much.=Talking too much is no use (useless)

It’s no good crying.=Crying is no good.

It trains the ear listening to music.

  注意；It is no use/It is no good+-ing=It is of no use/useless to….

2.动名词作表语

His hobby is painting.        What he likes best is making jokes.

动名词作表语时一般表示比较抽象的习惯性的动作。表语和主语常常可以互换。

Painting is his hobby.

Making jokes is what he likes best.

    动名词和不定式在句子中作主语和表语的区别

①一般情况下两者差别不大，有时可以通用。

Seeing is believing .=To see is to believe.

        有时有一些区别，主要表现在以下几点；

②动名词更接近于名词，所表示的动作比较抽象，或者是习惯性的，而不定式多表示某次比较具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。

His hobby is painting.

In summer what he wants to do is to paint.

③惯用语It is no use (good)doing sth(…..

  It is important /necessary/advisable…..to do sth.

              eg:It is no good being a liar.

                It’s very important to attend meetings.

    3.动名词作宾语

　动名词可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语．

①  advise,admit,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,excuse ,finish,deny,allow,escape,forgive,imagine,mind,keep,miss,practise,,prevent,resist,risk,suggest,understand,appreciate,can’t help doing sth,,put off,give up.

        eg: 1.I can’t imagine doing that with them.

2.She denied making a mistake.

3.You must try your best to avoid meeting him in that street.

4.When I heard his voice,I couldn’t help thinking of my father.

5.The doctor advised me giving up smoking and drinking.

6.You’d better put off having the meeting till next month. 

②  在介词后面作宾语

insist on,excuse for,think of ,devote…to,look forward to ,know of,set about,be proud of ,spend…in ,be succeed in,spend…..in doing sth ,be fond of ,be busy doing,be good at,be afraid of ,be interested in,be tired of,dream of ,be sick of ,hear of,be ashamed of,prevent …from ,lead to ,stop..from,get to,be engaged in,come to,depend on,stick to, thank..for be sentenced to

       I We have some difficulty /trouble/problem/fun/a good time/a hard time(in)doing.

eg:I’m proud of being a Chinese.

  Our teacher has devoted her life to her teaching.

  He insisted on doing the same experiments hundreds of times.

  Today I don’t feel like listening to some music.

  Before leaving here please call me.

  I know the way of working out the problem.

  I have some difficulty finding out when the train leaves.

  We spent two weeks (in)visiting the city.

③动名词和不定式都可以作宾语，但在意义上有很大区别

remember,forget,regret, 动名词――动作已经发生　　不定式――动作尚未发生

动名词表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生，指已作的动作；不定式表示的动作在谓语动词之后发生，动作还没发生，指将来的动作．

I remember giving the letter to him

 　我记得把信给他了　(表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作)

I will remember to give the letter to him.

　我会记得把这封信交给他　(表示一个在remember之后发生的将来的动作)

I forget giving the letter to him. ( giving 表示在　forget 之前发生的动作　)

I’m afraid I will forget to give the letter to him .

   (to give 表示在remember 之后发生的将来的动作)

I regret accepting your advice . (accepting指在regret 之前已发生过的动作．)

I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.（to tell 表示在regret之后或同时的一个动作）

Try  动名词――试一试　　　不定式――设法去做某事

Never mind. Try doing it in another way.          You must try to do it well.

Mean  动名词――意味着（主语一般是物）不定式――企图，打算去作（主语一般是人）

Sure, at 5 a.m. I mean to get up early.       Catching the first bus means getting up early.

动名词的否定式和动名词短语

１．       动名词的否定式　：not + 动名词

I must apologize not letting you know ahead of time.

His not getting to the station no time make everyone worried.

I’m sorry for not being there.

2. 动名词短语　：　

物主代词　　　　　＋　动名词

名词的所有格　　

此时物主代词和名词的所有格是这个动名词的逻辑主语，　动名词短语可以作主语，表语和宾语（　动名宾语和介词宾语　）

Li ming’s being late made his teacher very angry. ( 主语　)

I think the big problem is their not having enough time. (表语　)

Do you mind my leaving now ? = do you mind me leaving now ? ( 宾语　)

3. 有时动名词和动名词短语在句子中的意思有较大的不同，但大多数的情况下区别不大，只不过动名词短语表示的内容更具体一些．

Do you mind opening the door ?　劳驾你开门好吗

（句子的主语you 做这个动作）

Do you mind my /me opening the door? 我打开门你介意吗

( 动名词短语中的动名词的逻辑主语　me/ my 来做这个动作　)

     　　动名词的时态和语态

 1. 动名词的时态

动名词的一般形式

表示泛指的一般行动作，即动作发生的时间并不明确；　或动名词所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在它的动作之后发生．

I enjoy listening to music.(  动名词所表示的时间观念并不明确　)

The child has been used to playing football. ( 动名词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生)

I’m looking forward to seeing you soon. ( 动名词所表示的动作发生的时间seeing 在谓语动词所表示的动词 look forward to后发生

2.  动名词的完成时　

　　　　所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生．

　　　　He is praised for having devoted his whole life to the country

        You regret not having taken the doctor’s advice , do you ?

        Thank you for having helped me so much .

3 .有时，通过上下文可以明显的看出动名词和谓语动词的时间先后时，或者在一些动词或短语中尽管动名词所表示的动作是在谓语动词之前发生，我们也常用一般是来代替完成式，或者两者通用，这些动词包括: remember , forget, apologize, excuse me for sth, thank sb. for sth.

      Thank you for having helped me so much..= Thank you for helping me so much.

      I don’t remember having received his letter. = I don’t remember receiving his letter.

动名词的语态

１．       动名词被动语态

当动名词逻辑上的语态是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词一般要用它的被动态．The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.

       ( 动名词逻辑上的主语＝动名词动作的对象)

Before being used, the machine must be checked.

比较He insisted on being sent to hospital. 他坚持要把他自己送到医院去．／他坚持他自己被送到医院去 动名词逻辑上的主语＝动名词动作的对象 He insisted on sending her to hospital. 他坚持要把她送到医院中去 动名词逻辑上主语　　动名词动作的对象

２．       动名词的主动形式代替被动形式   常见句型如下：

主语　（　通常时物　）　＋　want /need / require/deserve ( 需要)+ doing　

（动名词的主动语态）＝　主语＋want/ need/ require/deserve(需要)　＋to be done ( 不定式的被动语态)   The radio wants ( needs, requires ) repairing.

= The radio wants (needs, requires) to be repaired.

主语＋worth doing. = 主语　＋　worthy + to be done/ of being done

The book is ( well) worth reading again.

The book is worthy to be read.

The book is worthy of being read.

The piano is well worth buying=The piano is worthy to be bought=The piano is worthy of being bought.   注意　：　此句型中用　well 修饰worth, 而不用　very.

1.It took the workmen only two hours to finish________my car.
    A.repairing    B.repair   C.to repair    D.repaired
2.It's no good ________ over split milk.
    A.to cry      B.crying            C.cried       D.cry
3. Have you forgotten ___________$1000 from me  last  month?  Will  you   please remember _________ it tomorrow?    A.borrowing; to bring

   B.to borrow; bring    C.borrowed; bringing      D.borrowing; bringing
4. The classroom wants __________.
   A.clean         B.cleaned        C.to clean        D.cleaning
5. Jack said that he wouldn't mind ___________ for us.
   A.to wait       B.wait           C.waiting         D.waited
6. My brother keeps _________ me with my work.
   A.to help       B.help           C.helping         D.helped
7.We should often practise _________ English with each other.
   A.to speak      B.spoke          C.speak           D.speaking
8.Keep on _____ and you will succeed.A.a try  B.try  C.triing  D.trying
9.His parents insist on ____________ to college.
   A.he should go  B.he go          C.his going       D.him to go
10.The story was so funny that we ___________.A.couldn't help laugh              B.can't but laugh      C.couldn't help laughing     D.couldn't help but to laugh
11.What about _________ to the concert with us ?
   A.we go     B.we going     C.going      D.to go
12.__________ clean is a safeguard against disease.
   A.To be keeping   B.Kept       C.Keep       D.Keeping
13．He had no difficulty _____ the problems.    A. working out           

B. having worked out      C. to have worked out        D. to work out
14．-What's made Ruth so upset?
 -_____ three tickets to the folk music concert.
 A. Lost   B. Losing     C. Because of losing   D. Since she lost
15．Don't forget _____ this book to John when you see him.
   A. to return      B. returning   C. return        D. to returning
16．Only one of these books is _____.A. worth to read            

   B. worth being read       C. worth of reading           D. worth reading
17．We are both looking forward to _____ next week.
 A. going on vacation          B. go on vacation
 C. be going on vacation         D. have gone on vacation
18．I regretted____ that to her.  A. having said   B. to have said  C. to say

   1--5 ABADC 6--10 CDDCC 11--15 CDABA  16--18DAA