过去分词作定语、表语和宾语补足语

过去分词具有形容词特性，在句中可以作定语、表语和宾语补足语。

一、过去分词做定语

1. 表示情绪的过去分词作定语：

The worried look deepened upon her face. 她脸上的愁容加重了。

Martin’s confused sorrows turned to optimism.

马丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成了乐观情绪。

She could hear his agitated voice. 她可以听到他激动的声音。

2. 其他过去分词作定语。

printed matter印刷品          a written report 书面报告

guided missile导弹             armed forces 武装力量

smoke fish熏鱼                         canned food  罐头食品

required courses必修课       classified document 机密文件

animated cartoons动画片    furnished rooms 有家具的房间

3. 由过去分词构成的合成形容词作定语：

air-conditioned rooms 有空调的房间      hand-made goods 手工操作泵

a well-dressed woman 穿着讲究的女子    a cautiously-worded statement 措辞谨慎的声明

4. 及物动词的过去分词作定语一般表示被动和完成，而不及物动词的过去分词只有完成的意思：

the risen sun初升的太阳            vanished jewels消失了的珠宝

returned students 归国留学生      fallen leaves 落叶

a dated map 过时的地图

注：有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变化而来的形容词：

       skilled workers 熟练工人                         salaried class 工薪阶层

      有些合成形容词也是由“名词+ed”构成：

     good-natured  天性善良的                 one-sided 片面的

     absent-minded 心不在焉的                 muddle-headed 糊里糊涂的

5. 过去分词作定语一般放在所修饰名词之前，过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰名词之后面，作用接近于一个定语从句：

What’s the language spoken in that country? 那个国家讲的是什么语言？

This is something unheard of in history. 这是史无前例的事。

The play put on by the teachers was a big success. 老师们表演的戏很成功。

6.  有时单个过去分词也放在所修饰的名词之后：

They didn’t allow us to make the alterations suggested. 他们不允许我们作提出的修改。

The designers decided to change the materials used. 设计者决定改变所用的材料。

The man concerned was her husband. 有关的人是她的丈夫。

How much time is there left? 还剩下多少时间？

7. 作定语的过去分词常指已经完成的动作，若要表示现在正在进行的动作，要用现在分词的被动形式：

We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.

我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。

What do you think of the summit meeting being held in Vienna?

你对正在维也纳召开的峰会有什么看法？

I knew nothing about the experiment being conducted there.

我对在那里进行的试验一无所知。

二、过去分词作表语

1. 过去分词作表语的时候很多，其中有很多已变成形容词：

He was amazed and enchanted at the sight. 看到这情景他感到惊异着迷。

She was annoyed at your saying that. 你这样讲她很不高兴。

We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning. 我们烦得要命禁不住打哈欠。

They were very pleased with the girl. 他们很喜欢这姑娘。

I am afraid I’m slightly drunk. 可能我有一点醉了。

I’m obliged to you for all you’ve done for us. 我很感激你为我们所做的一切。

The couple were devoted to each other. 这对夫妻十分恩爱。

2. 这种结构和被动语态是有差别的，“be+表语”结构表示一种状态，而被动语态表示一个动作，比较下面句子：

be+表语结构（表示状态）                             被动语态（表示动作）

The shop is closed now.                                    It’s usually closed at 8 o’clock.

The town is surrounded by hills.                Soon they were surrounded by bandits.

The room is deserted.                                       She has been deserted by her husband.

三、过去分词作宾语补足语，构成复合宾语

1. 在某些动词后可用过去分词构成复合宾语：

We’ll get her X-rayed. 我们要给她透视。

I’ve recently had my appendix removed. 我最近把盲肠割了。

Have you ever heard a song sung in Japanese? 你听过用日语唱的歌吗？

Rarely had I seen him so worked-up. 我很少见他这样激动过。

He watched the bed carried out of the door. 他看着床被搬出去。

We all wished the problem settled. 我们都希望这问题得到解决。

She didn’t want her daughter taken out after dark. 她不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。

He felt a great weight taken off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。

Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. （谚）少说多看。

The scents made her drunk. 这些气味使她陶醉。

How would you like your hair cut? 你喜欢把头发剪成什么式样？

He found the house deserted. 他发现房子里空无一人。

At 4:30 p.m. the chairman declared the session closed. 下午四点半主席宣布闭会。

He acknowledged himself defeated. 他承认自己被打败了。

We do consider ourselves justified in doing so. 我们的确认为我们这样做是有道理的。

2. 介词with 后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语：

He sat with his arms clasped round his knees. 他双手抱膝坐着。

All afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在家工作。

That year ended with nothing settled. 那一年什么事也没解决就结束了。

 

【巩固练习】单项选择：

1. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year.

A. carry out         B. carrying out     C. carried out      D. to carry out

2. The computer center, ______ last year, is very popular among the students.

  A. open                          B. opening

  C. having opened                  D. opened

3. Cleaning women in big cities usually get __________ by the hour.

A. pay          B. paying       C. paid          D. to pay

4. As we joined the big crowd I got __________ from my friends.

A. separated  B. spared  C. lost  D. missed

5. Most of the artists ____________ to the party were from South Africa.

A. invited   B. to invite    C. being invited   D. had been invited

6. Please remain ______; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.

A. seating     B. seated     C. to seat     D. to be seated

7. The Olympic Games，____________ in 776 BC, did not include women players until 1912.

A. first playing   B. to be first played   C. first played   D. to be first playing

8. — Good morning. Can I help you？

— I’d like to have this package _______, madam.

A. be weighed   B. to be weighed   C. to weigh   D. weighed

9. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _______ behind his back.

A. being tied   B. having tied    C. to be tied   D. tied

10. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ______.

A. hear   B. to hear    C. hearing   D. heard

11. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had  ______ went wrong again.

A. it                B. it repaired     C. repaired     D. to be repaired

12. It is wise to have some money _______ for old age. 

A. put away       B. keep up     C. give away      D. laid up

13. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents ______.

A. worried             B. to worry          C. worrying           D. worry       

14. The trees ______ in the storm have been moved off the road.

A. being blown down         B. blown down

C. blowing down            D. to blow down

15. The Town Hall ______ in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.

A. to be completed          B. having been completed

C. completed               D. being completed

 

【答案及解析】

1. C  该题句式结构较为复杂。首先，先行词the plan后跟一个由that引导的定语从句；在定语从句中，关系代词that替代the plan，又充当动词see的宾语，因此该空处于宾语补足语的位置；另外，the plan与carry out之间是动宾关系，故答案为C，构成see sth. done结构。

2. D  考查过去分词作定语。句中computer center与open之间为被动关系。此外open作及物动词时意思为“打开，开张，开办，开设”，强调动作，不侧重状态，故不用形容词性的open。B、C为现在分词，不符合题意。

3. C  过去分词paid作系动词get的表语，类似的用法还有：get married，get beaten，get excited，get caught in等。

4. A  句意为：当我们走进人群中时，我和朋友们分开了。

5. A  句中的most of the artists与invited之间是被动关系，故应选用过去分词，相当于who were invited。

6. B  remain 在此为系动词，seated 相当于一个形容词，表示“坐好的”，作表语。

7. C  根据题意可知，the Olympic Games与play之间是被动关系，因此可以排除A和D，另外B表示将来的动作，也应排除，故答案为C。它可还原成一个非限制性定语从句：which was first played in 776 BC。

8. D  have sth. done是固定结构，意为“让别人去做某事”或“让某事被别人完成”。该题表示“我想让别人称这个包裹”，因此答案为D，过去分词weighed作this package的宾语补足语。

9. D  在with复合结构中，hands与tie之间含有被动关系，因此首先排除B。另外此处tied不但表示被动，还可以表示完成，因此A、C又可排除，故答案为D。

10. D  make oneself heard为固定结构，意为“使自己的声音被别人听到”。再如make oneself understood表示“把自己的意思表达清楚”。

11. C  根据句子的结构句子的谓语动词是went，she had had引导的是定语从句，从句的谓语部分是have sth. done的结构，所以本题考查的是过去分词做宾语补足语的用法。

12. A  根据some money与 put away的关系应为被动，该题考查have sth. done的结构，此结构为过去分词短语作宾补。

13. A  这是一个复合句，主句是Laws get parents worried。get + sb.后接不定式意思为“叫某人做某事”，如果接过去分词则意思为“使某人怎么样”，根据句子的意思应为“那些幼小子女违法而惩罚其父母的法律条款让父母们忧心忡忡”。

14. B  根据题干中have been moved off the road可知，树是已被吹倒的，blown down作定语表示动作已发生，且与被修饰词The trees是被动关系。

15. C  过去分词作定语表示被动和已经完成的动作。根据时间状语 in the 1800’s 可判断出要用过去分词作定语。不定式的被动式作定语表示将要被做的事。现在分词作定语表示正在被做的事。

 

 

 

 

过去分词作状语

一、过去分词作状语时的功能及位置

1. 过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者，即过去分词表示的动作不是句子的主语发出的；过去分词与主语之间是动宾关系，即被动关系。如：

Although built thirty years ago, the house looks very beautiful. 尽管这座房子是30年前被建造的，它看起来依然很漂亮。

2. 过去分词短语作条件、原因及时间状语时，通常放在句首；作伴随、结果状语时，通常放在句末；作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时也放在句首；作让步状语时，一般放在句首，有时也放在句末。如：

Given more time, he can do it better. 如果他被给予更多的时间，他就能把它做得更好。

二、 与状语从句的转换

1. 过去分词短语作时间状语，可转换为when, while或after等引导的状语从句。如：

Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.→When it is seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful. 从山上往下看，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。

2. 作条件状语，可转换为if, once或unless等引导的状语从句。如：

United we will stand; divided we will fall.→If we are united we will stand; if we are divided we will fall. 团结就是胜利；分裂必然失败。

3. 作原因状语，可转换为as, since或because等引导的状语从句。如：

Encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder.→As he is encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder. 由于受到所取得成绩的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。

4. 作让步状语，可转换为although, though或even if等引导的状语从句。如：

Although exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.→Although we were exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey. 我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。

5. 作方式状语，如有连词as if，就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。如：

He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.→He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake. 他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。

6. 作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。如：

Aunt Wu came in, followed by her daughter.→Aunt Wu came in, and (she) was followed by her daughter. 吴大娘走进来，（她）后面跟着她的女儿。 

 

( )1. _______ more attention, the tree could have grown better. (90’全国)

A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given.

( )2. The computer center, ________ last year, is very popular among the students in this school(93’全国)

A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened

( )3. The first textbooks ________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.(94’全国)

A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written

( )4. ________ is thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.(96’全国)

A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose

( )5. _______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.(00’全国春)

( )6. _______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (01’全国夏)

A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered

( )7. The researcher is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.(02’全国) A. begins B. having begun D. beginning D. begun

( )8. ________ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.(00’上海)

A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding

( )9. When ________, the museum will be open to the public next year. (02’上海春)

A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed

( )10. Prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.(02’京皖春)

A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

( )11. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ________ only to people with specific knowledge. (02’上海)

A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known

( )12. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.(03’上海春)

A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited

( )13. Friendship is like money: easier made than ______. (03’北京)

A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. having kept

( )14. Mr. Smith, _______ of the ________ speech, started to read a novel. (03’北京春)

A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring

( )15. ________ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. (03’北京)

A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given

 

Key: 1-5 ADDCA 6-10 ADCAB 11-15 DAAAD