H

Habit

- A recurrent pattern of behavior acquired through experience and made more or less permanent by various reinforcing events.

习惯

个体在一定情境下自动化地执行或完成某些动作或某种固定活动模式的需要和倾向。… 习惯是刺激与反应之间的固定联结,…

 

Habituation

- The lessening or disappearance of a response with repeated presentations of the stimulus. - Also referred to as passive desensitization.

习惯化    

Habituation – passive desensitization –习惯化.     

最原始的学习形式之一, 指一个新异刺激物反复呈现后反应减少或减弱的现象。

 

Hands-off Training           - See Protected Contact

 见保护性接触

 

Husbandry

- Long-term physiological and psychological management ensuring the viability of a species.

护理

长期之心理及生理跟进以确保机体健康

 

I

Immediacy of reinforcement

- To reinforce directly following a desired response in order to avoid the inadvertent reinforcement of some other behavior, pairing the reinforcing event as closely as possible with the target behavior.

直接强化, 实时强化.

为避免奖励一些目标行为以外的行为，所以在目标行为出现后，随即奖励，以求达到奖励和目标行为出现的时间更加贴近．

 

Imprinting

- The process by which a young animal forms a lasting attachment to, and preference for, some object, usually a parent.

铭印, 印刻现象     

动物在发展初期所形成的对本种属成员的依恋反应, 这一现象通常表现为对母体的尾随行为以及性成熟后对同种异性成员的求爱行为。

 

Incentive

- An external inducement which motivates an animal to act or respond in a certain way.

诱因

因外界引诱或刺激而促使机体去作出特定的行为或反应

 

Incompatible behavior

 - A behavior that interferes with, or cannot be performed at the same time as another behavior.

非兼容行为

此行为会干扰或不能跟另一行为同时并存.

 

Incremental learning - See Method of Approximations

 

Instinct

- Unconditioned, automatic behaviors and responses which are the result of an innate predisposition for a species to respond to a stimulus in a specific way.

本能

有机体在进化过程中形成并通过遗传固定下来的、不学而能的行为和内动倾向。      本能行为是通过一系列非条件反射表现出来的刻板的外显行为方式，在同一类族动物中表现各异，如老鼠打洞、燕子筑巢、候鸟迁徙、雏鸭印刻，以及动物的单居、双居、群居等生活习性。

 

Instrumental conditioning - See Operant Conditioning.

 

Intelligence

- The ability to adapt to new circumstances, learn new pieces of information, deal with complex or abstract materials, or solve intellectual problems.

智力

又称智慧、智慧，表彻人(有机体)的聪明程度的概念

 

Intermittent reinforcement

- A schedule of reinforcement in which a response is not reinforced every time it is performed. Only some occurrences of this response are reinforced.

间断强化  -- 部份强化

强化程序的一种。 有机体作出的正确反应中只有部分得到强化的训练方式。 ……间断强化条件下，形成条件作用需要的时间要比连续强化多得多; 学习一旦形成也较难消退。

 

L

Latency

The delay between the presentation of a stimulus and the response of the organism. 

时差

机体于接受信号与其作出反应之间的时间差距.

 

Latent learning

- Learning that takes place casually and does not manifest in overt behavior at that time, but may become evident at a later stage.

潜伏学习

指在没有强化的条件下进行下进行的未曾表现在外的学习。

 

Law of effect

- The concept that an organism will tend to repeat and learn behavior that has a satisfying or reinforcing outcome while behaviors that cause pain or discomfort will tend to be decreased in their probability of occurrence.

效果律

学习规律的一种。…通过反应结果的后效作用来达到控制反应概率的规律

是指当个体反应后得到满足的效果时, 刺激-反应间的联结就得到加强; 相反, 当个体得到惩罚的效果时,刺激-反应间的联结将会减弱……

 

Learned helplessness

- A condition created by exposure to inescapable aversive events which can retard or prevent learning in subsequent situations in which escape or avoidance is possible.

习得性失助

又称无力感。 经由学习过程而获得的、类似于临床上抑郁症常有的一种情绪或心状态。失助者对自已所面临的问题或处境感到无所作为，被动顺从，听之任之，情绪经常低落、抑郁。

 

Learning

- A change in behavior due to experience that allows the organism to adapt to situations for which its innate behavior is inadequate.

学习

个体通过练习或经验而导致行为有较持久改变的过程或结果。

 

Learning plateau

A period in which progress in learning appears to have stopped and improvement is at a standstill.  The plateau may be followed by a new period of progress.

学习停滞

机体于学习早期可能出现停滞不前之时问.此后会出现进展，

 

Least reinforcing scenario (LRS)

- A specific extinction technique based on differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). The trainer pauses 2 to 3 seconds following an incorrect response at the same point where reinforcement would have been applied following a correct response. The trainer’s response also functions as a stimulus for the animal to behave calmly and attentively.

最少强化的刺激

人对于机体作出错误反应时暂停2一3秒，再奖励接着之正确反应，此做法亦能作为稳定机体及使其更为专注.

 

M

 

Magnitude of reinforcement

- The size, strength, or duration of a reward following a behavior.

强化程度

强化(奖励)之大小，强度或长短.

 

Method of approximations

A method used to shape an organism’s behavior whereby successive steps toward a desired behavior are selectively reinforced.

渐进式方法

有机体行为塑造的一种方法，其间会对接近目标每个成功步骤选择性地给予强化(奖励).

 

Mimicry

- The act, practice, or art of copying the manner, expression, or behavior patterns of another.

拟态

动物在外表或行为等方面与另一生物或非生物明显相似的现象。

 

Modeling - See Observational Learning.

示范法 = 模仿法

利用示范原理学习新行为消除不良行为的行为技术。

 

Motivation

- The internal variables influencing behavior - A general description of the fact that an organism’s acts may be partly determined in direction and strength by its own internal state.

动机

激发和维持有机体的行动,并使该行动朝向一定目标的心理倾向或内部驱力。

具有三方面功能:

激发功能, 激发个体产生某种行为;

指向功能, 使个体的行为指向一定的目标;

维持和调节功能, 使个体的行为维持一定的时间,并调节行为的强度和方向。   

 

Motive

- A drive, force or tension state within the organism that compels it to act.

动机

机体内之驱使，力量或拉力使其作出行为

N

Negative

Removal of, or decrease in, the intensity of a stimulus.

负面

移除或减弱刺激之程度

 

Negative discriminative stimulus - See stimulus delta

In operant conditioning, the stimulus to which responses are non-reinforced or negatively reinforced.

 

Negative punishment

- A punishment procedure in which a response is followed by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a previously given positive reinforcer resulting in the decrease in frequency of that response.

负面惩罚

惩罚的过程:将刺激的程度减低，甚至取消致使该刺激所引发之反应的频率减低.

 

Negative reinforcer

A stimulus which, when removed following a response, increases or maintains the frequency of that response.

负强化物

条件作用理论基本概念。 跟随在一个反应之后被排除的、能够增强该反应出现率的厌恶刺激。

 

Neutral stimulus or cue

- Any stimulus that has no effect on the target behavior before conditioning.

中性刺激

在未条件化之前, 任何对有机体的行为都没有影响的刺激

 

O

Observational learning

- A type of learning in which the behavior of another organism is observed and imitated.

观察的学习

通过观察他人的行为和行为后果而获得新行为的过程。

 

Operant

- A behavior which affects something. Operating or producing an effect or effects on the environment.

操作性

行为由某事情所引起。 行为由事情产生的结果或环境的结果所诱发。

 

Operant behavior

- Emitted behavior that is controlled by its consequences.

操作性行为

则是指那种没有可觉察到的刺激的由有机体本身发出的自发的行为反应。(见应答性行为)

 

Operant conditioning

- A science of behavior in which the frequency of occurrence of behavior is modified by the consequences of the behavior. Operant conditioning concerns the relationship between the behavior of organisms and their environment.

操作条件作用

亦称“R型条件作用”、“反应型条件作用”、“工具性条件作用”。学习方式的一种。与“经典条件作用”相对。在一定情境中，个体的某种反应强度的变化受其反应结果控制的条件反应。即由个体的操作行为而形成的条件作用。

 

P

Paradigm

- A pattern, example, or model.

范式

一译“范型”，意为“模型”，指语言的派生方法中，对相似的字母组合习惯沿用相同的变形方法。美国科学哲学家库恩运用这一术语描述科学研究的基本特征。指科学家共同遵守的世界观和方法论信念的总和。

 

Partial reinforcement maintenance - See Intermittent Reinforcement.

 

Passive desensitization  - See Habituation

习惯化

个体在一定情境下因反复练习而自动化地执行某种固定的活动模式的过程。

有机体对与生命无关的重复性刺激的反应逐渐下降甚至消退过程。.

 

Performance

- Measures of observed behavior - Behavior can be measured in terms of frequency, intensity, duration and topography.

绩效

对可观行为测量- 行为是可测量其发生的频率,强度, 时间及变化的位置.

 

Positive

- To add to the environment.

正面

将某对象加入到环境中。

 

Positive punishment

- A punishment procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or an increase in the intensity of, an aversive stimulus resulting in the decrease of frequency of that response.

正惩罚

一种惩罚程序。 在这种程序中，根据行为，给予厌恶刺激或事件，行为未来的可能性下降。

 

Positive reinforcement

- A reinforcement procedure in which a reinforcer is presented following the performance of a correct response, which increases the probability that the response will reoccur in the future.

正强化

是个体行为的结果导致了积极刺激增加，从而使该行为增强。

通过增加某种刺激(如奖励)使机体行为或反应速度、概率、强度增加的过程。

 

Positive transfer

- The facilitation of the learning of responses in new situations as a result of past learning - A process in which learning is made easier by something learned previously.

正迁移

迁移的一种。 一种学习对另一种学习产生积极的促进作用，或两种经验间的相互促进。

 

Premack Principle

- The principle that high-probability behavior reinforces low-probability behavior.

普雷马克原理(Premack's principle) 

1965年美国心理学家D.普雷马克提出的行为强化原理。他认为，自发性行为中有些发生频率高，有些发生频率低，高频率行为可用来强化低频率行为。

 

Primary drive

- An organic drive, such as thirst; also called an unlearned drive.

原始驱力

能够激发行为的先天性内在刺激

 

Primary reinforcer

- An unconditioned reinforcer. Anything of intrinsic value to an organism.

初级强化物 = 一级强化物

条件作用理论基本概念。 同有机体生存相关的刺激物。如食物、水等。 … 这类刺激不经学习即可直接使个体满足。

 

Primary reinforcement

- A reinforcing event that does not depend on learning to achieve its reinforcing properties.

原级强化 = 一级强化

指在学习过程中, 最初采用的强化物对个体后来学习新反应所产生的强化作用。

 

Prompt

- An antecedent event that helps initiate a response. Instructions, gestures, physical guidance, and modeling cues serve as prompts.

促进

促进用于增加个体在正确的时间做出正确行为的可能性。促进可以是训练者的行为(反应促进)或者辅助的环境刺激(刺激促进)。

 

Protected contact

- A training situation in which the trainer is protected from the possibility of injury by the animal. In this type of training, contact is made with only portions of the animal’s body at a time.

保护性接触

训练的一种方式。为避免训练人员受到动物的伤害, 两者之间设立了一些屏障。训练员与动物之间只可作部份的接触。

 

Punisher

- Any consequence of a response that decreases the frequency of that response.

惩罚物

一个刺激或事件，当某种行为的发生持续出现时给予，使行为在未来出现的可能性降低。

 

Punishment

- The procedure of providing consequence for a response that reduces the frequency of that response.

惩罚

行为之后的结果，它导致这一行为在未来出现的可能性降低的过程。

通过提供适当的刺激以减少后继不良反应的行为治疗技术。在一种行为发生后随即出现厌恶事件，导致该行为出现率下降的训练程序，斯金纳区分出两种类型:(1)在行为之后施加厌恶刺激;(2)在行为之后取消正强化物。

 

R

Recall

- The process of sending or retrieving an animal from one point of station to another through the use of a conditioned stimulus (recall training) - A measure of retention whereby the individual is able to extract from memory a specific piece of information (memory recall).

召回

利用条件刺激来指示或召回动物从一指定地方到另外一个地方的过程

 

Recognition

 - The perception, realization or knowledge of something based upon previous exposure or experience with it.

再认

对以前感知思考或体验过的事物再度呈现在面前时的辨认或确认。过去经验或识记过的事物再次呈现在面前时仍能确认和辨认出来的过程。

 

Redirected activity

- An activity that is guided or regulated toward an alternative stimulus other than the stimulus that originally initiated the activity - Also referred to as redirection.

转移目标行为  (redirected behavior)

动物转移目标的动作。即指向对目前处境无关的刺激的活动。

 

Reflex

- An automatic involuntary response or reaction to a stimulus based upon inherited characteristics of the nervous system.

反射

机体对内在或外在刺激有规律的反应。可分为先天性反射和后天习得性反射两种，通常称为非条件反射和条件反射。

 

Refusal

- A lack of response, or a declination to accept instruction or direction.

拒绝

对指令没反应，或反应偏离原意或方向。

 

Regression

 - A return to an earlier mental or behavioral level or to an earlier stage of learning.

回归

在心理学方面，凡是在较成熟的行为形成后，又表现出原始的行为形式的现像。

 

Reinforcement

- The procedure of providing consequence for a response that increases the frequency of that response.

强化

行为之后的结果，它导致这一行为在将来增加的可能性的过程。

 

Reinforcement contingency

 - The relationship between the reinforcement and the exact properties of the performance which it follows.

强化偶联 (contingency of reinforcement)

斯金纳操作条件作用理论术语。他称某一行为与发生在行为之后的强化之间的关联为偶联，并以此说明操作行为的建立过程。

 

Reinforcement schedules

- The rule denoting how many or which responses will be reinforced.

强化程序 - schedule of reinforcement

在运用部份强化来形成操作性条件反射时的强化时问与比率的安排。

 

Reinforcer

- Any consequence of a response that increases the frequency of that response.

强化物

当与行为的发生相联时增加行为未来的可能性的刺激或事件。增加反应发生的可能性或频度的任何刺激物。

 

Remote training

 - A training situation in which an attempt is made to remove the human element from the picture. No relationship or trust between the animal and the trainer should be developed during this type of training.

遥控

训练的一种方式。 在训练现场无训练人员。因此，动物与训练人员之间不存在关联及信任。

 

Repression

 - The failure of an operant behavior caused by previous aversive consequences. - A defense mechanism in which an individual suffering anxiety over his/her motives seems to banish the thoughts, pushing them into the unconscious.

压抑

将具有威胁性的思想、情感、记忆和冲动排斥到潜意识之中、使之避开意识的过程。压抑是一种最重要的防御机制，也是一种普通的精神过程。

 

Respondent behavior

 - A type of behavior that is elicited by involuntary or automatic reflexes that are not under the control of the organism.

应答性行为

是指有机体的行为反应是由一个特殊的可以觉察到的刺激所引起的行为。

 

Response

 - An identifiable unit of behavior (can be muscular or glandular).

反应

有机体对作用其上的某种刺激产生的任何内隐或外显的活动。

 

Reward

- A satisfaction-yielding stimulus or stimulus object that is obtained upon the successful performance of a task.

奖赏

亦称正强化物 指在反应后出现的能够增强那反应的事物。