V.-ing 作主语、表语和宾语
(2009-05-09 14:14:36)
标签:
教育英语语法v-ing形式 |
分类: 4.单元重点单词和句子 |
V.-ing 作主语、表语和宾语
我们都知道,现在的V.-ing形式包含传统语法的“动名词”和“现在分词”两种不同的概念,是由动词原形加上-ing后缀而成。和不定式一样也是一种非谓语动词。V.-ing形式具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语;同时也具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等。本单元我们重点讲解非谓语动词之中的“V.-ing”作“主语、表语和宾语”。现归纳总结如下:
一.
V.-ing形式作主语一般有四种句型形式:
句型1:V.-ing形式直接作主语
①.Walking
②.Travelling
③.Learning
*V-ing短语作主语一般表示“经常性,习惯性的动作”;而to do短语作主语一般表示“具体的、个别的或将来的动作”。如:
④.To become a doctor is his wish.
句型2:It's
+
①.It's
②.It's
③.It is useless talking too much.
*常用于此类句型的形容词有:nice,
句型3:It's
+
①.It's
②.It's
③.It's
*常用于此类句型的名词有:no
句型4:在“There be no + V.-ing”的句型中。
①.There is no telling what will happen.
②.There is no getting along with him.
③.There is no knowing whether he will come or not.
二.
V.-ing形式作表语一般有四种形式:
1. 前后一致原则。如:
①.Seeing
②.Saying is easier than doing. = To Say is easier than to do.
2. 前V.-ing后to do原则。如:
①.Waving one's hand is to say "Goodbye".
②.Shaking one’s hand is to say “Hello”.
3. 动名词短语作表语(主语和表语一般可以互换)。如:
①.His
②.My favourite sport is skiing. = Skiing is my favourite sport.
③.Teaching English is my job. = My job is teaching English.
*V-ing短语作表语一般表示“泛指”,含多次性抽象行为;而to do短语作表语一般表示“特指”,含一次性具体行为。如:
④.Our task is to liberate this little island.
4. 现在分词短语作表语(主语和表语一般不能互换)。如:
①.The film I watched yesterday is very exciting.
②.The story is rather interesting.
③.The situation there was more puzzling than ever.
三.
V.-ing形式作宾语一般有八种情况:
1. 有些及物动词,如:admit, appreciate, avoid,
consider,
①.Would
②.He
③.You
2. 有些带“to”的动词短语,如:be used to, devote oneself to, get down to, look forward to, lead to, pay attention to, prefer…to…, see to, stick to, turn to等,只能接V-ing形式作宾语。
①.We are looking forward to making a trip to Beijing.
②.He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.
③.He has been used to getting up early.
3. 在介词、某些成语动词后或在某些句型中,一般要接V-ing形式作宾语。如:
①.They might learn what kind of animals he was by touching and feeling him.
②.Are you interested in going with us?
③.He spent half an hour (in) working out this problem.
4. 有些介词,如:after, before, since等词,后接V-ing形式,在句中一起作状语。如:
①.After playing chess, we watched TV.
②.Give me a phone call before leaving home.
③.Jim has been worked hard since leaving school。
4.
有些动词,如:love,
①.Do you like playing/ to play chess?
②.After finishing his composition, he continued reading/ to read a novel.
③.They began talking/ to talk about something else.
*begin/start在下面三种情况下常接不定式:1.本身是进行时;2.主语是物时;3.后有动词“see, know, understand, realize”时。
5. 有些动词(短语),如:remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop, go on, can’t help等,既可接不定式,也可接V-ing形式作宾语,但含义不同。如:
remember doing sth表示记得已经干了某事; 而remember to do sth则表示记住要干某事
①.I remember seeing you somewhere.
②.Remember to post the letter.
类似的还有:
forget doing sth忘记已干了某事; forget to do sth忘记要干某事
regret doing sth后悔干了某事; regret to do sth因要做某事而遗憾
try doing sth试着干某事; try to do sth设法干某事
mean doing sth意味着做某事; mean to do sth打算干某事
stop doing sth停止做某事; stop to do sth停下来去干某事
go on doing sth.继续干同一件事; go on to do sth接着去干另外一件事
can’t help doing sth禁不住干某事; can’t help (to) do sth不能帮助干某事
6. 有些动词,如:want, need, require, deserve等,后接V-ing形式的主动形式作宾语,表示被动关系;如接不定式时,则必须用被动形式。即:sth needs/ want/ require/ deserve + doing / to be done.
①.Our house needs painting/to be painted.
②.The problem requires solving/ to be solved immediately.
③.Your coat wants washing/to be washed.
7. 在“S+Vt. + it (形宾) + adj./n.(宾补) + 真宾”的句型中,如宾补是“useless, no use, no good”等词时,真宾常用V-ing形式。
①.I found it no good quarrelling with him over it.
②.Do you consider it any good trying again?
③.I found it useless explaining it to them.
8. 有些动词,如:allow, permit, advise, forbid等,后直接接V-ing作宾语或接to do作复合宾语。
①.Sorry, we don’t allow smoking in the classroom.
②.We don’t allow students to smoke in the classroom.
③.The rules forbid parking car here.
④.The rain forbids us to go out.