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Part I题目

1986 Text 1

There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists.”And these“generalists”are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.

The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a “trained”man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist —and especially the administrator — deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated”man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.

Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you — but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.

11.   There is an increasing demand for ________.

[A] all round people in their own fields

[B] people whose job is to organize other people’s work

[C] generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional

[D] specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others

12.   The specialist is ________.

[A] a man whose job is to train other people

[B] a man who has been trained in more than one fields

[C] a man who can see the forest rather than the trees

[D] a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters

13.   The administrator is ________.

[A] a “trained” man who is more a specialist than a generalist

[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the forest

[C] a man who is very strong in the humanities

[D] a man who is an “educated” specialist

14.   During your training period, it is important ________.

[A] to try to be a generalist

[B] to choose a profitable job

[C] to find an organization which fits you

[D] to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist

15.   A man’s first job ________.

[A] is never the right job for him

[B] should not be regarded as his final job

[C] should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job

[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job

Part II 学习

【核心词汇】

   emphasis[ˈemfəsɪs]n. 重点；强调；加强语气

specializationˌ[speʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn]n. 专门化；特殊化；特化作用

judgment[ˈdʒʌdʒmənt]n. 判断；裁判；判决书；辨别力

statistical[stəˈtɪstɪkl]adj. 统计的；统计学的

glance[ɡlɑːns]n. 一瞥；一滑；闪光vi. 扫视，匆匆一看；反光；瞥闪，瞥见

humanity [hjuːˈmænəti]n. 人类；人道；仁慈；人文学科

rarely[ˈreəli]adv. 很少地；难得；罕有地

proportion[prəˈpɔːʃn]n. 比例；部分；面积；均衡vt. 使成比例；使均衡；分摊

【对照翻译】

①There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. ②You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. ③But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. ④There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments.⑤ We can call these people “generalists.”⑥And these“generalists”are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.

①现在有大量职业都在日益强调专业性。②这类职业主要是工程、生产、统计、教学等工作。③但对那些视野宽泛、但可能对任一领域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。④换言之，社会需要那些能够看到森林而非树木、能够做出总体判断的人。我们可以称这些人为“通才”。⑤管理岗位尤其需要这样的“通才”，在管理职位上“通才”的职责是：确保他人完成工作，必须为他人制定计划，组织他人的工作，发起工作且对工作做出评判。

①The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. ②He is a “trained”man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. ③The generalist —and especially the administrator — deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. ④He is an“educated”man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. ⑤Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. ⑥And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. ⑦Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. ⑧It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.

①专家精通某一领域；他关注的是技术和工具。②他是“受过训练”的人；他有良好的技术或专业教育背景。③通才，尤其是管理者，与人打交道；他关注的是领导、规划及方向设定。④他是“受过教育”的人；人文学科是这些人最坚强的后盾。⑤极少有专家能够胜任管理者。⑥同样，优秀的通才很少同时也是某一特定领域的优秀专家。⑦任何组织都同时需要这两种人，虽然组织不同，需求的比例亦不同。⑧你的任务是在训练期间从两种工作中发现适合自己的那一种，并对自己的职业作出相应的规划。

①Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you — but this is pure accident. ②Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. ③At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.

①你的第一份工作可能恰好适合你——但这是纯粹的意外。②当然，你不应连续更换工作，否则人们将会怀疑你是否有保住工作的能力。③同时，你也一定不要把第一份工作看做最终的工作；它基本上是一份培训性质的工作，一个认识自己和作为一名员工的自己专长所在的机会。

【试题精解】

11.There is an increasing demand for ________.

11.对_____的需求在增加。

[A] all round people in their own fields

[A] 在他们自己的领域中是多面手

[B] people whose job is to organize other people’s work

[B] 其职责是组织他人工作的人员

[C] generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional

[C] 具有技术性或专业性的教育背景的通才

[D] specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others

[D] 主要为他人提供管理上的指导的专家

【题型】细节题

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干中的关键词“demand”将答案锁定在第一段中。原文指出对“专业性人才”和“通才”的需求在增加。结合选项可知，四个选项都与人才有关系。通才内容出现在第一段第三句后。第三、四句说明对于“另一些人”的需求也在日益增加。第五句将其定义为“通才”。第六句对通才的工作描述为“管理领域尤需通才来组织他人的工作”。B项为该部分内容的概括，为正确选项。[1]

A选项错在对通才的范围限定为“他们的领域[2] ”，这一内容在原文中并没有出现，属于“无中生有”。C项中“技术性或职业性”是在第二段对于专家的描述；D项中“专家”也不是对于通才的描述，此两项将原文中两种不相干的内容混为一谈。

12.    The specialist is ________.

12. 专家是______。

[A] a man whose job is to train other people

[A] 其职责是对他人进行培训的人员

[B] a man who has been trained in more than one fields

[B] 在不只一个领域受过训练的人员

[C] a man who can see the forest rather than the trees

[C] 能见森林而非只是树木的人

[D] a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters

[D] 主要关注技术性或专业性问题的人

【题型】细节题

【答案】D

【解析】题干中的关键词“ specialist”出现在第一、二段，但第一段只在第二句中有粗略举例——“这类职业主要涉及工程、生产、统计、教学等工作”。第二段对专家进行了详细说明。第一、二句说明专家的主要关注对象是技术和工具，他受过恰当的技术或专业教育，由此可知，专家应与“技术性或专业性”相关，所以D项为正确选项。

A项利用原词train设置干扰。原文中，专家是“trained”，即被训练，而非主动培训他人者。B项中“in more than one fields”在对于专家的说明中没有出现，属于“无中生有”。C项中的内容是第一段对于“通才”的说明，不符合题干要求。

13. The administrator is ________.

13. 管理者是_____。

[A] a “trained” man who is more a specialist than a generalist

[A] 一个被“训练过的”专家而不是通才

[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the forest

[B] 一个既能看到树木又能看到森林的人

[C] a man who is very strong in the humanities

[C] 一个非常精通于人文学科的人

[D] a man who is an “educated” specialist

[D] 一名受过教育的专家

【题型】细节题

【答案】C

【解析】题干中的关键词“ administrator ”出现在第二段。第二段第三句说明了通才的工作对象和工作内容，该句中的插入结构说明了“管理者”其实就是通才。第五句从反面证实这一点，即“管理者不能是专家”。据此可知，管理者应该是通才，C项符合第四句中“人文学科是他最坚强的基石”对于通才的描述，所以为正确选项。

A项中的more...than...的结构说明了是专家而不是通才，故排除。B项内容与第一段第四句表述相悖，as well as意为“也”。D项中对专家与通才的定义错误地结合，也可排除。

14. During your training period, it is important________.

14. 在你的培训期间，____非常重要。

[A] to try to be a generalist

[A] 努力成为通才

[B] to choose a profitable job

[B] 选择高收益的工作

[C] to find an organization which fits you

[C] 选择适合你的机构

[D] to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist

[D] 决定你是适合做专家还是通才

【题型】细节题

【答案】D

【解析】题干中的关键词“during your training period”出现在第二段末句。该句说明“在培训期间，你的任务是从两类工作（two kinds of jobs）中找到适合你的一种，并作出相应的职业规划”。通过对第一、二段的整体理解，我们可知“two kinds of jobs”指在上文中提及的“专家”和“通才”两类人所做的工作，所以D项为正确选项。

A项中努力成为通才属于两类中的其中一类，属于“以偏概全”。B项与C项的内容符合某些考生的主观想象，但在文中并未提及，属于“无中生有”。

15. A man’s first job ________.

15. 一个人的第一份工作_____。

[A] is never the right job for him

[A] 从来不会是适合他的工作

[B] should not be regarded as his final job

[B] 不应该被看做他的最后一份工作

[C] should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job

[C] 不应被更换，否则人们会对他保住工作的能力产生怀疑

[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job

[D] 从根本说，是一次使他能适应最终工作的机会

【题型】细节题

【答案】B

【解析】题干中的关键词“first job”出现在最后一段。本段第三句说明“不要把你的第一份工作看做最后一份工作”，与B项表述相符合，为正确选项。

A项与第一句“你的第一份工作有可能恰好是适合你的工作”相矛盾。C项将第二句中的“不要连续换工作”改为“不要换工作”，属于“范围扩大”。D项属于对原文内容的过度推理，即第一份工作不是最后一份工作，但是不能推理得出，第一份工作就是为最后一份工作作准备。正常逻辑下，没有人知道什么工作是他的最后一份工作，所以选项中过度强调了final job，故排除。