程阳:测试您自己离圣人还有多远?

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程阳彩票博彩亚伯拉罕·马斯洛abraham-maslow马斯洛需求层次理论 |
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程阳:测试您自己离圣人还有多远?
Characteristics of a Self-Actualizing Person
Listed below are a series of 16 characteristics of a self-actualizing individual as described by Abraham Maslow. Self-actualizing here is defined as a person who is in the process of fulfilling their potential. After slowly and thoroughly reading each characteristic, rate yourself on the scale listed below that characteristic from 1 to 6. Your results will give you both a linear and intuitive representation of your strength and weaknesses in moving towards being a self-actualizing person. Spend some time focusing on why you are stronger in some characteristics than others. What is it that has given you a higher score? What might you do to make your score higher on any given characteristic. The highest total you can receive is 96 points. How close are you?
亚伯拉罕·马斯洛(Abraham Maslow)是美国著名社会心理学家,第三代心理学的开创者,提出了融合精神分析心理学和行为主义心理学的人本主义心理学,于其中融合了其美学思想,和著名的马斯洛层次需求理论。
马斯洛在研究了许多历史上伟人共同的人格特质之后,更详细地描绘出“自我实现者”的画像,提出了“圣人”的以下16个特质,每题最高6分、16题共96分,没有100满分是因为您定不属于人类历史上凤毛麟角的“圣人”。
下面您自测以下,自己离圣人还有多远——
1.The self-actualized person has more efficient perception of reality and more comfortable relations with it. He can accept the good and the bad, the highs and the lows, and he can tell the difference.
1.我的判断力超乎常人,对事情观察得很透彻,只根据现在所发生的一些事,常常就能够正确地预测将来事情会如何演变。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
2.Acceptance of self, others, and nature. The self-actualizing person sees reality as it is and accepts responsibility for it. He is as objective as a subjective being can be in his perceptions.
2.我能够接纳自己、接纳别人,也能接受所处的环境。无论在顺境或逆境之中,我能安之若命,处之泰然。虽然我不见得喜欢现状,但我会先接受这个不完美的现实(不会抱怨为何只有半杯水),然后负起责任改善现状。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
3.The self-actualizing person has spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness. In other words, this kind of person is not hung up on being as others think he should be. He is a person who is capable of doing what feels good and natural for himself simply because that’s how he feels. He does not try to hurt others, but he has respect for what is good himself.
3.我单纯、自然而无伪。我对名利没有强烈的需求,因而不会戴上面具,企图讨好别人。有一句话说:“伟大的人永远是单纯的。”我相信,伟人的脑子里满有智慧,但常保一颗单纯善良的心。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
4.Problem Centering. The self-actualizing person is someone who is generally strongly focused on problems outside of himself. He is concerned with the problems of others and the problems of society, and is willing to work to try to alleviate those difficulties.
4.我对人生怀有使命感,因而常把精力用来解决与众人有关的问题。我也较不以自我为中心,不会单顾自己的事。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
5.The quality for detachment, the need for privacy. For all his social mindedness, the self-actualizing person has a need to be by himself or a need for solitude. He enjoys times for quiet reflection and doesn’t always need people around him. He can be with the few people that he would be close to and not need to communicate with them. Their presence is sufficient in and of itself.
5.我享受独居的喜悦,也能享受群居的快乐。我喜欢有独处的时间来面对自己、充实自己。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
6.Autonomy, independence of culture and environment. The self-actualizing person is capable of doing things for himself and making decisions on his own. He believes in who and what he is.
6.我不依靠别人满足自己安全感的需要。我像是个满溢的福杯,喜乐有余,常常愿意与人分享自己,却不太需要向别人收取什么。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
7.Continued freshness or appreciation. The self-actualizing person experiences a joy in the simple and the natural. Sunsets are always beautiful and he seeks them out. He can still enjoy playing the games he played as a child and having fun in some of the same ways he did many years before.
7.我懂得欣赏简单的事物,能从一粒细砂想见天堂,我像天真好奇的小孩一般,能不断地从最平常的生活经验中找到新的乐趣,从平凡之中领略人生的美。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
8.The mystic experience, the peak experience. Self-actualizing people usually have experiences in which they literally feel they are floating. They feel very much in tune or at one with the world around them, and almost feel as if they are, for a momentary period in time, part of a different reality.
8.我当中有许多人曾经历过“天人合一”的宗教经验。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
9.A feeling of togetherness. Self-actualizing people have a feeling for all of mankind. They are aware and sensitive to the people that are about them.
9.虽然看到人类有很多丑陋的劣根性,我却仍满有悲天悯人之心、民胞物与之爱,能从丑陋之中看到别人善良可爱的一面。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
10.Interpersonal relations. Self-actualizing people have deeper and more profound interpersonal relations than other adults. They are capable of fusion, greater love and more perfect identification that other people could consider possible. They generally tend to have relatively few friends, but those relationships are deep and very meaningful.
10.我的朋友或许不是很多,然而所建立的关系,却比常人深入。我可能有许多淡如水的君子之交,素未谋面,却彼此心仪,灵犀相通。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
11.The democratic character structures. Self-actualizing people tend to believe in the equal nature of human beings, that every individual has a right to say, and that each person has his strengths and each person has his weaknesses.
11.我比较民主,懂得尊重不同阶层、不同种族、不同背景的人,以平等和爱心相待。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
12.Discriminating between means and ends, between good and evil. Self-actualizing people know the difference between means and ends and good and evil and do not twist them in a way that hurt themselves or others.
12.我有智慧明辨是非,不会像一般人用绝对二分法(“不是好就是坏”或“黑人都是懒惰鬼”)分类判断。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
13.Philosophical and unhostile sense of humor. Self-actualizing people tend to enjoy humor. They like to laugh and like to joke, but not at the expense of others. They are generally seen as good natured, even though they are capable of being very serious.
13.我说话含有哲理,也常有诙而不谑的幽默。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
14.Creativeness. Self-actualizing people are capable of being highly creative. Creativeness can be expressed in many dimensions by writing, speaking, playing, fantasies, or whatever, but self-actualizing do have moods of being creative. Maslow has said that a first-rate cook is better than a second-rate painter. Hence, creativeness can be expresses in many dimensions.
14.我心思单纯,像天真的小孩,极具创造性。我真情流露,欢乐时高歌,悲伤时落泪,与那些情感麻木,喜好“权术”、“控制”、“喜怒不形于色”的人截然不同。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
15.Resistance to inculturation, the transcendence of any particular culture. Maslow feels that the individual is above his culture in some way, that he maintains a strong individuality and is not so absorbed that he cannot evaluate the culture objectively in such a way that he can make decisions about what is best for him and those he cares about .
15.我的衣着、生活习惯、方式、处世为人的态度,看起来比较传统,保守,然而,我的心态开明,在必要时能超越文化与传统的束缚。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
16.The imperfections of self-actualizing people. Self-actualizing people are individuals who are aware of the fact that they are not perfect, that they are as human as the next person, and that there are constantly new things to learn and new ways to grow. The self-actualizing person, although comfortable with himself, never stops striving.
16.我也会犯一些天真的错误,当我对真善美执著起来时,会对其他琐事心不在焉。例如爱迪生有一次做研究太过专心,竟然忘了自己是否吃过饭,朋友戏弄他,说他吃过了,他信以为真,拍拍肚皮,满足地回到实验室继续工作。
【得1-6分 SCORE____】
【您的总分 TOTAL SCORE ______】
您的总分多少?90分以上您就十分接近圣人了!
我们不敢期望每个人都能达到圣人的境界,然而我相信愈趋近这种境界时,我们的人生会愈有喜乐、愈有意义。成长是必须付代价的,因为成长永远包含着冒险、面对未知、尝试新经验、扩展个人的极限与改变。若不必成长,我们就不用改变自己,不用面对未知的危险,更不用花心神面对生活的挑战,从各种选择中做出新的决定。
马斯洛需求层次理论( Maslow's hierarchy of needs)是亚伯拉罕·马斯洛(Abraham Maslow)于1943年论文《人类动机的理论》(A Theory of Human Motivation)中所提出的理论。马斯洛随后延伸了这个想法,包含了他对人类天生好奇心的观察。他的理论与其他人类发展心理学的理论可以并行,尤其是针对人类成长阶段的描述。马斯洛使用了生理、安全、隶属与爱、自尊、自我实现与自我超越等层次术语,描述人类动机推移的脉络。
需求层次理论是解释人格的重要理论,也是解释动机的重要理论。其提出个体成长的内在动力是动机。而动机是由多种不同层次与性质的需求所组成的,而各种需求间有高低层次与顺序之分,每个层次的需求与满足的程度,将决定个体的人格发展境界。需求层次理论将人的需求划分为五个(六个)层次,由低到高,并分别提出激励措施,其理论的一个基本假设就是“人是一种追求完全需求的动物”——
【生理的需要】
生理的需要(Physiological needs),也称级别最低、最具优势的需要,如:食物、水、空气、性欲、有个人的房子、健康。
未满足生理的需要的特征:什么都不想,只想让自己活下去,思考能力、道德观明显变得脆弱。例如:当一个人极需要食物时,会不择手段的抢夺食物。人民在战乱时,是不会排队领面包的。假设人为报酬而工作,以生理的需要来激励下属。
激励措施:增加工资、改善劳动条件、给予更多的业余时间和工间休息、提高福利待遇。
【安全需要】
安全需要(Safety needs),同样属于低级别的需要,其中包括对人身安全、生活稳定以及免遭痛苦、威胁或疾病等。
缺乏安全感的特征:感到自己对身边的事物受到威胁,觉得这世界是不公平或是危险的。认为一切事物都是危险的、而变的紧张、彷徨不安、认为一切事物都是“恶”的。例如:一个孩子,在学校被同学欺负、受到老师不公平的对待,而开始变得不相信这社会,变得不敢表现自己、不敢拥有社交生活(因为他认为社交是危险的),而借此来保护自身安全。一个成人,工作不顺利,薪水微薄,养不起家人,而变的自暴自弃,每天利用喝酒,吸烟来寻找短暂的安逸感。
激励措施:强调规章制度、职业保障、福利待遇,并保护员工不致失业,提供医疗保险、失业保险和退休福利、避免员工收到双重的指令而混乱。
【社交需求】
社交需求(Love and belonging needs),属于较高层次的需求,如:对友谊、爱情以及隶属关系的需求。
缺乏社交需求的特征:因为没有感受到身边人的关怀,而认为自己没有价值活在这世界上。例如:一个没有受到父母关怀的青少年,认为自己在家庭中没有价值,所以在学校交朋友,无视道德观和理性地积极地寻找朋友或是同类。譬如说:青少年为了让自己融入社交圈中,帮别人做牛做马,甚至吸烟,恶作剧等。
激励措施:提供同事间社交往来机会,支持与赞许员工寻找及建立和谐温馨的人际关系,开展有组织的体育比赛和集体聚会。
【尊重需求】
尊重需求(Esteem needs),属于较高层次的需求,如:成就、名声、地位和晋升机会等。尊重需求既包括对成就或自我价值的个人感觉,也包括他人对自己的认可与尊重。
无法满足尊重需求的特征:变的很爱面子,或是很积极地用行动来让别人认同自己,也很容易被虚荣所吸引。例如:利用暴力来证明自己的强悍、努力读书让自己成为医生、律师来证明自己在这社会的存在和价值、富豪为了自己名利而赚钱,或是捐款。
激励措施:公开奖励和表扬,强调工作任务的艰巨性以及成功所需要的高超技巧,颁发荣誉奖章、在公司刊物发表文章表扬、优秀员工光荣榜。
【自我实现需求】
自我实现需求(Self-actualization),是最高层次的需求,包括针对于真善美至高人生境界获得的需求,因此前面四项需求都能满足,最高层次的需求方能相继产生,是一种衍生性需求,如:自我实现,发挥潜能等。
缺乏自我实现需求的特征:觉得自己的生活被空虚感给推动着,要自己去做一些身为一个“人”应该在这世上做的事,极需要有让他能更充实自己的事物、尤其是让一个人深刻的体验到自己没有白活在这世界上的事物。也开始认为,价值观、道德观胜过金钱、爱人、尊重和社会的偏见。例如:一个真心为了帮助他人而捐款的人。一位武术家、运动家把自己的体能练到极致,让自己成为世界一流或是单纯只为了超越自己。一位企业家,真心认为自己所经营的事业能为这社会带来价值,而为了比昨天更好而工作。
激励措施:设计工作时运用复杂情况的适应策略,给有特长的人委派特别任务,在设计工作和执行计划时为下级留有余地。
【超自我实现】
超自我实现(Over Actualization)是马斯洛在晚期时,所提出的一个理论。
这是当一个人的心理状态充分的满足了自我实现的需求时,所出现短暂的“高峰经验”,通常都是在执行一件事情时,或是完成一件事情时,才能深刻体验到的这种感觉,通常都是出现在艺术家、或是音乐家身上。
例如:
一位音乐家,在演奏音乐时,所感受到的一股“忘我”的体验。
一位艺术家在画图时,感受不到时间的消逝,他在画图的每一分钟,对他来说跟一秒一样快,但每一秒却活的比一个礼拜还充实。
【复制链接】
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/亚伯拉罕·马斯洛
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/需求層次理論