专项复习  词类---名词

    多项选择，考核学生对英语各个语言知识点所掌握的情况和程度。学生在分析、判断所选词语的正误时，不但要从语法角度去考虑，而且要从整句逻辑、习惯说法、词语不重复、用语须礼貌等各个方面去审视。这样，才能避免往往因粗心或偏解所造成的失误。

这一大题需要注意的是：在掌握英语各个语言知识点的一般规律之外，还需要注意英语各个语言知识点的特殊规律。在英语中，有许多语法结构与词语搭配都是因人、因事、因地而各不相同的，因此，不能像数学公式那样去生搬硬套。对于某些有特殊规律的语言知识点，学生一定要在平时加强注意和不断积累，在这方面是没有捷径可行的。此外，在学习时还要防止只重语感、不谙其意的片面倾向。

要点解析

一、名词的分类  名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。
1. 普通名词又可分为：
（1）个体名词。如：cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。
（2）集体名词。如：class, team, family等。一般可数，有单复数形式。
（3）物质名词。如：rice, water, cotton等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。
（4）抽象名词。如：love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。
2. 专有名词：如：China，Newton，London等。

二、名词的数  （一）可数名词的复数形式的构成规则
1. 一般情况下在名词的词尾加s，如：book  books，pencil   pencils.
2. 以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词加-es，其读音为［iz］。如：bus buses，box boxes，watch watches，dish dishes等。
3. 以-y结尾的名词：（1）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，把y改为i再加es，读音为［iz］，如：factory factories，company companies等。

2）以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾，直接在词尾加-s，读音为［z］。如：key keys，Henry Henrys等。

4. 以-f和-fe结尾的名词：（1）变-f或-fe为v再加-es，读音为［vz］。如：thief  thieves，wife wives，half  halves等。

（2）直接在词尾加-s，如：roof  roofs，gulf gulfs，chief chiefs，proof proofs（3）两者均可。如：handkerchief handkerchiefs或handkerchieves.
5. 以-o结尾的名词：
（1）以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后直接加-es，读音为［z］。如：hero heroes，potato potatoes，tomato tomatoes等。
（二）不规则名词的复数形式
1. 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如：man men，woman women，tooth teeth，foot feet，mouse mice，child children等。
2. 单复数形式相同。如：sheep，deer，fish等，以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如：Chinese，Japanese，Swiss等。

以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如：Americans，Asians，Russians，Australians，Italians，Germans等。
注意：Englishman Englishmen，Frenchman Frenchmen.
3. 复合名词的复数形式：
（1）在词末加-（e）s，如：afternoons，housewives等。
（2）把主体名词变成复数形式。如：lookers-on（旁观者），passers-by（过路人）等。
（3）由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词，两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。如：man driver men drivers，woman doctor  women doctors等。
（三）几种特殊的复数形式的名词
1. 有些表示由两部分构成的东西和部分学科的名词总以复数的形式出现。如：glasses（眼镜），shorts（短裤），mathematics（数学），physics（物理学），politics（政治学）等。
2. 有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义。如：papers（文件），manners（礼貌），goods（货物），times（时代），conditions（环境；情况）等。

3. 有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式。如：make friends with（与……交朋友），shake hands with（与……握手）等。

不同国家的人的单复数
中国人 the Chinese    a Chinese   two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss    a Swiss    two Swiss

澳大利亚人 the Australians      an Australian    two Australians
俄国人 the Russians     a Russian     two Russians

意大利人 the Italians     an Italian     two Italians
希腊人 the Greek     a Greek     two Greeks
法国人 the French     a Frenchman     two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese      a Japanese    two Japanese
美国人 the Americans      an American     two Americans
印度人 the Indians     an Indian     two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians     a Canadian      two Canadians
德国人 the Germans     a Germans     two Germans
英国人 the English      an Englishman     two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish      a Swede      two Swedes

（四）不可数名词
1.物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。如luggage，milk，rice，soup，water，money，meat等。注意：不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词，当数词大于1时，量词须变为复数。如：a piece of advice（一条建议） five pieces of advice（五条建议），a bag of rice（一袋大米） three bags of rice（三袋大米）。
可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达。
2. 不可数名词的转化
（1）物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如：glass（玻璃） a glass（一个玻璃杯），tea（茶） two teas（两杯茶），ice（冰） three ices（三个冰淇淋）。
（2）抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如：beauty（美丽）  a beauty（一个美人），youth（青春） a youth（一个青年）。

（3）表示具体事物的可数名词，用于表示抽象或物质意义是，便转化为不可数名词。如：a room（一个房间） room（空间），a chicken（一只小鸡） chicken（鸡肉）。

三、名词的所有格  （一）s所有格的构成
1. 表示有生命的东西的名词，所有格一般在名词后加's，其构成形式如下：
（1）一般单数名词后加's.如：my brother's book，Jack's cat，the girl's pen等。
（2）以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格，只需在名词右上方加“'”如：girl's，teachers'等。注意：在不规则复数名词后，要加's.如：women's clothes.
（3）以-s结尾的专有名词所有格，以读音［z］结尾的，一般在名词右上方加“'”，也可加's，其读音分别为［z］和［iz］。如：Dickens' / Dickens's book.
注意：若不以读音［z］结尾则仍用's.如：Ross's book.

4）复合名词或词群的所有格的词尾's加在后面的名词之后。如：
the President of the United States's car美国总统的汽车。
注意：当出现同位语时，'s一般加在同位语后。如：
This is my sister Mary's bag.
这是我妹妹玛丽的包。
（5）如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词词尾加's，如果不是共有的，两个名词都要加's.如：Tom and Peter's room汤姆和彼得的房间（共有）
Tom's and Peter's rooms汤姆的房间和彼得的房间（不共有）
（6）表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上's代表全称。如：
at the doctor's = at the doctor's office在诊所
（7）在one及one / body和some，any，no，every结合起来的复合词后。如：someone's book.这些代词和else连用，'s应加在else后。如：somebody else's pencil.

2. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾后加's或“'”以构成所有格。如：today's news，ten minutes' drive，China's industry等。
（二）“of +名词”所有格
    无生命的名词的所有格，通常用“of+名词”的结构来表示。如：the windows of the room（房间的窗户），the cover of the dictionary（词典的封面）。
（三）双重所有格
1. 双重所有格的概念及用法
（1）表示部分概念，of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词，如：a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等。
This is a picture of mine.
这是我的一张照片。
（2）双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如：
He is a friend of your father's.
他是你父亲的一个朋友。（强调你父亲的朋友不止一个）
He is a friend of your father.
他是你父亲的朋友。（强调他对你父亲的友好）

考点提示：      名词的使用注意事项

名词表示人或物体的名称，有普通名词(park)、专有名词(Peter；Party)、集合名词(family, class, police)、缩写名词(SARS, CEO, WTO)……等。总体上说，它们可以分成两大类；即可数名词和不可数名词。要注意它们在句中的不同要求和变化。

•1.单复数                   

•2.所有格   

•3作主谓语单复数

•4.作定语一般用单数   

•5.作定语使用复数的情况  

•6.名词前冠词的使用 

•7.名词前的修饰词考虑可数与不可数

考题链接解析:

(   ) His grandfather is _____.

    A) Robert Bob      B) Tom Black       C) Kate White      D) Black Green

    英语中，人的姓名排列是倒过来的；先是名，即“first name”，后为姓，即“second name”，也可叫做“family name”或“surname”。做这类题目，必须先搞清楚哪个单词是表示名字，哪个单词是表示姓氏，名字还要分清男女性别。这道题中说的是“爷爷”，是男名，所以本题答案应该选“B”。

(   ) _____ are playing tennis in the playground.

A) The Browns     B) The Brown's      C) Browns         D) Brown's

英语中姓氏前加定冠词“the”，后面加“s”，“一家人”之意。所以本题答案应该选“A”。

(   ) Be careful. There is a _____ hole in the ground.

   A) two-foot-deep        B) two-feet-deep        C) two-foot deep        D) two-feet deep

    这道题目考的是复合形容词。在复合形容词中的名词应该用单数形式，在整个复合形容词中的各个单词都要用短横“–”来连接。由于它被看作为一个普通的形容词，因此，在可数名词前还要再加上冠词。此句中，“一个两英尺深的洞”应译为“a two-foot-deep hole”，所以本题答案应该选“A”。

(   ) He’s got bad toothache. He’d better go to _____.

   A) dentist                   B) the dentist             C) the dentist’s           D) see the dentists

    “去看牙科医生”可译为“go to see the dentist”或“go to the dentist’s”。后一个词语中的“the dentist’s”表示“the dentist’s clinic”。所以本题答案应该选“C”。

(   ) The _____ teachers wondered if the _____ students were in trouble.

   A) woman, boy          B) woman, boys         C) women, boy          D) women, boys

    英语中，“女教师们”应该译为“women teachers”，而“男学生们” 应该译为“boy students”。 所以本题答案应该选“C”。

(   ) _____ came that Houston Rocket won again and Yao Ming got the most scores.

   A) A news                  B) Message                C) Word                    D) Words

    “据说”在英语中有多种说法：“It was said that”、“Word came that”、“News came that”、“A message came that”……等。所以本题答案应该选“C”。

(   ) All of a sudden, something on the ground caught _____.

   A) his eye                  B) his eyes                 C) his own eyes          D) eyes of his own

“catch one’s eye”是固定词组，意为“引起某人注意”；即“be noticed by sb.”。此句中，“eye”是“视线”之意，由“eyesight”演变而来。随着语言的发展，一些词语会产生演变，大致上都是朝“简单化”方向发展，如：“countryside”→“country”、“mankind”→“man”、 “campsite”→“camp”、“in the daytime”→“in the day”……等。所以本题答案应该选“A”。

(   ) The lady with long _____ found her husband had already got three gray _____.

   A) hair, hair               B) hair, hairs              C) hairs, hair             D) hairs, hair

    要掌握英语中哪些是可数名词，哪些是不可数名词。但是有些名词具有可数和不可数两种性质，要靠具体说法来判别。如这道题中的“hair”（头发）就是这类词。前半句说的是“一头长发”，是不可数名词；后半句说的是“三根白发”，是可数名词。所以本题答案应该选“B”。

考题训练：

Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示，填入空格内):

(   ) 1. He has got _____ to tell you.

   A) a good news       B) some news      C) a lot news        D) many news

(   ) 2. It’s seven o’clock. _____ are sitting at table.

   A) Mr. Greens         B) The Green's       C) The Greens       D) Greens

(   ) 3. Your brother is the same ______ mine.A) old as    B) age as C) old like D) age like

(   ) 4. Our bodies need food to give us ______.A) health B) strong C) energyD) taste

(   ) 5. A lemon is the same ______ as a banana.A) yellowB) colour      C) fresh   D) sweet

(   ) 6. What kind of ______ do you like best?

   A) watermelon        B) the watermelon   C) a watermelon     D) watermelons

(   ) 7. Look at this magazine. Let’s do the ______ about eating habits.

   A) quiz                   B) list                     C) cooking                  D) dinner

 

初中英语语法专项习题-名词

1.( ) 1. She was very happy. She ______ in the maths test.
    A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes
    C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake
( ) 2. We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?
    A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe
( ) 3. _____are____for cutting things.
    A. Knife/used  B. Knives/used  C. Knife/using  D. Knives/using
( ) 4. What big____ the tiger has!
    A. tooth B. teeth  C. tooths D. toothes
( ) 5. Please remember to give the horse some tree___.
    A. leafs   B. leaves   C. leaf   D. leave
( ) 6 -Can we have some ___?-Yes, please.
     A. banana   B. oranges   C. apple   D. pear
( ) 7 On the table there are five____.
     A. tomatos  B. piece of tomatoes  C. tomatoes  D. tomato

2 ( ) 1. They got much ___ from those new books.
    A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories
( ) 2. He gave us____ on how to keep fit.
    A. some advices   B. some advice   C. an advice   D. a advice
( ) 3. When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad.
    A. some news  B. a news  C. the news  D. news
( ) 4. What___ lovely weather it is!A. /   B. the   C. an   D. a

3 ( ) 1. -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____.
     A. any, bottles of orange   B. some, bottles of orange
     C. many, bottles of oranges  D. few, bottle of oranges)

2. He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat.
    A. two breads    B. two piece of bread
    C. two pieces of bread    D. two pieces of breads

( ) 3. It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse.
    A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time
( ) 4. I would like to have___.
     A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I

     C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks
( ) 5. Can you give me ____?
    A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea
( ) 6. Please give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of
( ) 7. John bought___for himself yesterday.
 A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes

4 ( ) 1 -How many ____ have you got on your farm?    -I've got five.
    A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken
( ) 2. Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.

A.Germans BGermen C.Germany D. Germanies
( ) 3. In the picture there are many____ and two. 
    A. sheep; foxes  B. sheeps; fox   C. sheeps; foxes   D. sheep; foxs
( ) 4. A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow.
    A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American

5 ( ) 1. This table is made of___.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass
( ) 2. -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?  -I'd like____. !
    A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken

) 3. Children should make____for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room

 6 ( ) 1. Tables are made of___.A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods
( ) 2. I wonder why ______ are so interested in action (武打片) films.
    A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples
( ) 3. I have read____ of the young writer. A. works B. work C. this works D. the works

 7 ( ) 1. Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of___?
A. the People's Park  B. the Peoples' Park C. the People Park    D. People's Park

( ) 2. ___ Chinese people are ___ hard working people.
  A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a
( ) 3. How many ________ were there in the street when the accident happened?
  A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples

8.1. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller____.
    A. set B. one C. piece D. pair
( ) 2. Last week I bought a TV____. A. pair . B. set C. piece D. block
( ) 3. There is a ______ of wood left on the ground.
    A. cup B. piece , C. box D. pair

9 ( ) 1. There are sixty-seven___ in our school.
    A. women's teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher

( ) 2. There are five___in our factory.
    A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers
( ) 3. These ____ were sent to the villages to help the farmers.
    A. women doctor B. women doctors C. woman doctors D. woman doctor

10 ( ) 1. They write most of their___ in English.
    A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters
( ) 2. We came to a ___ at last .and went in.
    A. watch shop   B. watches shop'   C. watching shop   D. watchs shop
( ) 3. This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It's a___.
    A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop

( ) 4. She broke a___while she was washing up.
    A. glass of wine B. glass for wine C. glass wine D. wine glass

( ) 5. I've forgotten both of the____.
    A. room numbers  B. rooms number  C. rooms numbers  D. room number

11.1. September 10th is____in China.
    A. Teacher's Day B. Teachers' Day C. Teacher Day  D. Teachers Day
( ) 2. -Is the broom under ____ desk? -No, it's under____.
    A. the teacher's; my B. teacher's; mine C. teacher's; me D. the teacher's; mine
( ) 3. Excuse me, where is the___?
    A. men's room B. mens' room C. men's rooms D. men rooms

12 ( ) 1. The football under the bed is____.
    A. Lily and Lucy B. Lily's and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy's
( ) 2. This is my____dictionary.
    A. sister Mary B. sister's C. sister, Mary's D. sister's Mary's
( ) 3. He went to ___ shop to buy a shirt.
    A. a tailor B. the tailor C. a tailors D. the tailors'

( ) 4. Joan is____.  A. Mary's and Jack sister B. Mary and Jack's sister
     C. Mary and Jack sister D. Mary's and Jack's sister

13 ( ) 1. In a few____ time, those mountains will be covered with trees.
    A. year B. years' C. year's D. years
( ) 2. It's about ___ walk from my house.
    A. ten minute B. ten minutes' C. ten minute's D. ten minutes
( ) 3. The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____.
     A. thirty minutes's walk B. thirty minute's walk
     C. thirty minutes' walk D. thirty minutes walk
( ) 4. Half___ telephone calls are made in English.
     A. the world B. world C. the world's D. world's

14 ( ) 1. ____ face to the south.
    A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room
    C. The room's windows D. The windows in room
( ) 2. Please take two___.A. picture of the park B. pictures of the park
    C. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park
( ) 3. The workers are repairing____.
    A. the roof of the house B. a roof of the house 
    C. roof of the house D. this roof of house

15 ( ) 1. Miss Smith is a friend of____.
    A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother C. mother's of Mary D. Mary mothers
( ) 2. This is a book of ___. A. Tom B. Tom's C. her D. him

( ) 3. The post card is sent by ____.
    A. a friend of my father   B. a friend of my father's
    C. my father friend    D. my father friend's

 16 ( ) 1. Sydney is a city of___.A. America B. Germany C. Australia D. Japan
( ) 2. My father likes buying us ___.A. cars B. flowers C. peasants D. presents
( ) 3. In England, the last name is the ___.
    A. full name B. family name C. middle name D. given name
( ) 4 Mr. Gao is a teacher. He works in a new____.
    A. shop B. school C. factory D. hospital

 17 ( ) 1. My father is a____. He works in a hospital.
    A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. soldier

( ) 2. -Which animal lives only in China?   -The____.
     A. tiger B. monkey C. panda D. elephant
( ) 3. April come before___and after___.
    A. March; May B. May; March  C. June; May D. March; February
( ) 4. Which of the following is right?
    A. China has a large population. B. China has much population.
    C. China has many populations. D. China has a great deal of population.
( ) 5. Please do like this. Fold the paper____ and cut along the fold.
     A. into pieces B. in half C. on halves D. to half
( ) 6. You played the violin wonderfully. Will you please play another____?
     A. one B. game C. programme D. piece  

参考答案：
1. 1-7 C C B B B B C  2. 1-4 C B C A 3. 1-7 B C D A D D A 4. 1-4 B A A C 5. 1-3 D A A 6. 1-3 A A D7. 1-3 A D C8. 1-3 D B B9. 1-3 B D B10. 1-5 B A C D A11. 1-3 B D A12. 1-4 D C C B13. 1-4 B B C C14. 1-3 B B A15. 1-3 A B B16. 1-4 C D B B17. 1-6 B C B A B D