[6] 名词从句
思考He showed his companions ___well-chosen presents he had bought for his GF.
A. such B. so C. what D. how
2---that/whether(if) 不做成分
3---who(ever)主,表;whomever宾=people/anyone/everyone (who…) whose(ever) which(ever)
what(ever) 主,宾,表,定
4---when(ever) where(ever) how(ever) why 状----the time/place/reason (when/where/why)
选择连词(结构辨析)
(1)____ of them do you think will teach us Class three A. who B. whom C. which D. what
(2) He sold the house _ he thought was a good price. A. what B. at what C. at which D. at that
(3)The students are all interested in ___ Miss Brown managed to do it. A. which B. what C. seeing D. how
辨别从句(定语/同位语/强调)
(4) We know the truth__ there is water, there is life. A. that wherever B. that C. where D. anywhere
(5)He regrets not having followed her proposal, ____he ____ for granted, that he ____ with me some warm clothes. A. that; takes; take B. which; take; take C. which; has taken; takes D. which; has taken; take
(6)It was in 1920 ____ the poet paid his first trip to America for a new challenge in his writing career ____ he got to know Charlie Chaplin . A. that; when B. when; that C. in that year; that D. in which; when
无论;任何
(7) It remains unknown ____ she killed herself with a gun. A. however B. how ever C. why D. whenever
(8) ______ much advice I gave him, he did exactly what he wanted to do. A. How B. Whatever C. However D. No matter
(9) Our monitor never fails to help ___ has trouble. A. whoever B. whomever C. no matter who D. those who
是否;如果(同位语;介词之后;or not; to do; 歧义; 句首;表语从句)
(10) Does it make any difference ____ or not you sign up for the contest A. that B. if C. whether D. how
谁;任何人who; whoever; one who; those who;
(11) We shouldn't make fun of___ have trouble in learning English. A. anyone who B. whomever C. those that D. who
(12) I still wonder ____ could get into the building through such a small hole in the wall. A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. that who
陈述语序
13)___ do you suppose ____ A. what/that the woman is B. Who/ the woman is C. Whom/the woman is D. what/is the woman
(14) We've have to finish the job, _____. A. long it takes however B. it takes however long C. long however it takes D. however long it takes
介词宾语
(15) They always give the free tickets to _ comes first. A. whomever B. whoever C. that D. what
(16) Give the money to __ you think is badly in need of. A. whomever B. any one who C. anyone D. whoever
What活用
(17) The ancient map was found in ____ we call Hebei Province now. A. which B. what C. that D. where
(18) This book will show you ___ you have learned in one subject can be applied in other subjects.
That 的用法(形式主/宾语)
(19)We think it important ____ college students should master at least one foreign language. A. which B. what C. that D. why
(20) What made her mother so angry ____ the exam. A. because she didn't pass B. she not passing C. that she didn't pass D. because of her not passing

[7] 定语从句
关系代词that 和which指物,当先行词为all, everything, nothing, little, anything等不定代词时,或有序数词,最高级,先行词含有人和物,用who开头的疑问句,先行词前有the only, the very, the right, just the, 以及两个定语从句(包含关系)为避免重复的情况下,等,则只用that.
① 先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代词时
There is nothing ( that ) I can do.
I mean the one that was brought yesterday.
That's all I want to say.
② 先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等词修饰时
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
You may take home any of these books that you like.
③ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
This is the first composition (that)he has written in English.
This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.
④先行词被the only, the very(正是,恰是), the same, the last修饰时
The white flower is the only one ( that) I really like.
This is the very book (that) I want to find.
The last place( that) we visited was the hospital.
This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.
⑤ 当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that 引导
(that既可指人也可指物)
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2. 下列情况不能使用that,而用which
① that 不能引导非限制性定语从句
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
② that不能置于介词之后(介词后指物用which,指人用whom)
The person to whom I am speaking just now is our English teacher.
The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bicycle.
We should do everything that we can to help the disabled.
A. everything B. whatever C. what D. all above
限制性定语从句不能用that, 其区分的意义在于:
The tourist, who knew about the storm, stayed in the hotel. (all the tourist)
The tourist who knew about the storm stayed in the hotel. (only some tourists)
The weather forecast said there would be no rain, which turned out to be not true.
含有介词的关系词,只能用which; 如果介词不在关系词前则不受限制.
Do you know the person your brother writes to
Whose在从句中既可以指人也可以指物, 注意与which的转换: 名词/代词/数词+介词+which.
They lived in a house, whose roof was broken.
=They lived in a house, the roof of which was broken.
关系代词Which/that还是关系副词where/when 取决于关系词在从句中充当什么成分.
This is the factory where we worked last year. (where=in the factory)
区分It is/was…that…强调句与带有定语从句的复合句.方法是去掉it is 和that,剩余的仍然是一个完整的句子.
It was at the theatre that Lincoln was murdered.
It was the theatre where Lincoln was murdered.
有时候,标点符号也能影响句子结构.这是英语句子的联结手段决定的.
Yesterday I got a letter from Li, which said that he was getting along well with his studies.
Yesterday I got a letter from Li. It said that he was getting along well with his studies.
Yesterday I got a letter from Li, and it said that he was getting along well with his studies.
定冠词能够影响句子的结构.
Mr Smith is one of the foreigners who are working in China.
Mr Smith is the one of the foreigners who is working in China.
Is this factory the one you visited last week
Is this the factory you visited last week
As 和which的用法:
1)可以修饰整个句子;2)从句位置不同;3)有互换的可能.
Newton was a great scientist, is well known. A. whom B. as C. that D. which
As is known to us all, the earth moves around the sun.
The computer is more and more widely used in our life, which encourages us to study harder.
As we have found in the last two years, this matter has something different from others.
All we did has been proved, as it is.
含有介词短语的动词一般不能分开.
The children whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.
The two elements which water consists of are oxygen and hydrogen.
比较:The apartment in which we had lived twenty years was pulled down finally.
关系代词that在定与从句中做介词宾语时,介词不能位于其前.
He is the teacher that I borrowed the dictionary from.
He is the teacher from whom I borrowed the dictionary.
定与从句与状语从句,名词从句的辨别.注意对从句性质的判断,据此来选择适当连词.
(1)what=all that; whatever=anything that ;
You have got what you need, what else do you want
You have got everything (that) you need, what else do you want
You will surely failed whatever you do now.
(2)whoever=anyone who;
Whoever breaks the rule will surely be punished.
Anyone who breaks the rule will surely be punished.
(3)why=the reason why;
Could you tell me why you were late yesterday
Could you tell me the reason why you were late yesterday
(4)同位语从句:
The fact that he spoke at the meeting astonished us.
Reason; doubt; time; place 做先行词
This is the reason that he gave us why he was so late.
I have no doubt that he would like to go with us.
There is still a doubt whether he could come to.
This is the place we visited last month.
Same; such与as/that
1. as常出现在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等结构中
This is not such a book as I expected.
I live in the same building as he (lives in).
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
As many children as came here were my father's pupils.
★ the same…that…和the same…as…的区别
I have bought the same watch as you have.
我买了一块和你一样的手表.(我的手表和你的手表很像,但不是同一块.)
This is the same watch that I lost.
这就是我丢的那块手表.(这手表和我丢的手表是同一块)
2. as引导非限制性定语从句,指代逗号前的整个句子(即先行词),可置于句首或句末.
This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
Mary was late for school, as often happened.
As is known to all, the earth is round.
★ as 指代一句话和which 指代一句话的用法区别
as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如:
1.as has been said before 如上所述
2.as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样
3.as is well known 众所周知
4.as was expected 正如预料的那样
5.as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样
6.as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样
which则不需要,例如:
The man died last night, which is a lie.
as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末,而which只能放句末.
1) That is the same tool as we used last time.和上次一样的
That is the same tool that we used last time.就是上次的那个
2) We are now in such a condition that there is no other choice for us.如此……以至
These trousers are sold at such a low price _____ people expected.
A. like B. as C. that D. which 正如……那样的
This is such an instructive film ____ everyone wants to see again.
A. as B that C. which D. what
The way做先行词, 关系词可以用in which; that; 或省略
I don't like ___ you speak to her. A. the way which B. the way in that C. the way D. the way where
We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.
我们喜欢它们一如喜欢美丽的窗帘料子.

[8] 状语从句与连词; 连接副词
1) Before; after:
He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything.
Before I got in a word he had measured me.
Time passed quickly and three months went by before he knew.
2) when(whenever), as, while :
I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his house.(前后)
John sang as he entered the room.(同时)
As Frank went downstairs his eyes fell on a large envelope by the door.(瞬间)
I kept silent while he was writing.(持续)
While others were doing morning exercises on the sports-ground he was sleeping in the bedroom.(并列连词:对比)
The old man was pulling grass in his field when he felt a pain in his left hand.(=and then; but then; just then)
3) till until (not until)
The city remained under Spanish rule until Mexico won its independence in 1821.
I knew nothing about it until/till/before you told me.
Not until she had heard the news was she really frightened.(倒装)
It was not until he was ten years old that he started to read.(强调)
4) since(ever since)
It was ten years since we had been there.(时态)
They have been friends ever since they met at school.
5) Once Every time, Each time; the first time, the moment, the minute; the time; as soon as,
Once you need help, don't hesitate to let me know.(句首)
The boys ran away the moment they saw me.(as soon as)
Once published, the book was immediately translated into several languages.
6) no sooner… than, scarcely… before, hardly… when
The boys had hardly seen me before they ran away.(时态)
Hardly had the boys seen me before they ran away.(倒装)
The boys had no sooner seen me than they ran away.
7) where(wherever(地点))
Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.
You can find him where he works.(状语)
You can find him in the place where he works.(定语)
It's not known where he lives.(名词从句)
Where are you from (代词)
8) if, suppose, in case, unless, so(as) long as(if only), once, given that, providing that, on condition that(条件);
So long as you do it well, I don't mind how you do it.
Suppose I told him, he might blame you.
In case it should rain, you'd better take your umbrella with you.(虚拟)
I'll not join them unless invited.(省略)
9) since, as, now that, seeing that,considering that原因,
Many chess players said this meant the end of chess championships around the world, since the fun had been taken out of the game.(区分)
It was because he was ill that he didn't attend the meeting.(强调)
Don't believe anything simply/only because many other people believe that.(修饰)
It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.(because/ for)推测的依据
He could not have seen me, for/because I wasn't there.因果关系
The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen a bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in "kingdom of bicycles".
10) so… that, such… that, so that, that so that, in order that, that, so,结果,
What have I done that you should be so angry with me
I've just come into a little money so this is goodbye.
He spoke at the top of his voice so that everyone could hear.
11) lest, for fear that, in case"以防,万一"
The meeting will be put off in case that it should rain. (should)
12) as… as, not so… as, than, the…, the…比较;
It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it.
You should master as many words as you can.
He speaks English as well as Russian.
He did not study as hard as his son does now.
Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily.(省略)
She meant more to me than anyone… even my wife.
Our sports ground is three times larger than theirs.
John plays football as well, if not better than, as David.
My bedroom is slightly bigger than yours.
The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes.(对称)
13) as, as if, as though, 方式
He looked as if he had just stepped out of fairy tales and he passed me like a spirit.
14) though, although, even if, even though, whether… or, whether or not, no matter wh-, wh-ever, as, while, 让步
He said he would come; he didn't come, though.
Whether he drives or takes the train, he'll be here on time.
Whether or not he is interested in the foreign language, he has to study it.
Whether or not he is interested in the foreign language remains a question.
No matter what he says, no one will believe him.
Whoever you are, you must do as required.
Difficult as the task is, I'll fulfill it on time.
Doctor as Mike is, he is not capable of operating.
Much as I like the toy, I will not buy it.
Surrounded as they were by the enemy, they managed to march forward.
While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.
While I know it is difficult, I'll try.

[9] 词组与句型结构
并列与平行;
A, B, C, D and/or E
Aa and Bb; A---a and B---b
In the world and on the earth; Either to leave or (to) stay; Thinking and learning
三个公式
S---V; S---V
S---v, S---V
v, S---V
(Though)S---V, (which) S---V
It 句型(连词;时态)
There be 句型暨变体
Who do you think is……连锁式疑问句; how come; what about doing; What's the point; Why not do…
句型互换
1) It is known to us all that the compass was first made in China.
We all know that water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.
It is well known that water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.
As is known to us all, water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.
As we all know, water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.
2) Not until…did he(will he)…
It was not until… he did…
He didn't… until…
People say that he is…
It is said that he is…
He is said to be…
Effective measures must have been taken _____ (do) away with pollution.
Time ought to be made full use ___(improve) your listening comprehension.
The life-patterns he has been used to ___ (appear) strange to us.
强调句
It was… that
It was when/that/what/who…that…
When/that/what/who…was it that…
强调人:主格/宾格
强调时间/地点:when/where还是that
It was the moment ___ I got home ___ I realized that I'd lost my purse. A. that, that B. /, that C. when, that D. /, /
辨别it句型
倒装
only;no-; so; had…
then; now; there; here; out; in the…
祝愿句: May you have a good time! Long live the King.
前置(不倒装)however; as;
省略;替代;否定
状语从句省略主语和系动词
比较结构中省略被比较的成分
不定式的省略:to和主动词
one(ones); that(those); it; this; that
部分否定: not everyone; not all; All… not…; not A and B;
并列否定: neither A or B; not A or B
否定之外的否定: neither/none/hardly…; in no time/at no time
不是否定句的否定: fail/dislike…