标签:
非谓语动词杂谈 |
分类: 英语 |
⒈ 现在分词作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系,表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、伴随情况等。
Walking down the street, I met an old friend of mine.
(时间状语,walk 和meet 同时发生)
Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.
(原因状语,hear 和rush out 几乎同时发生)
We sat by the window, talking about what had happened.
(伴随状语,talk 和sit同时发生)
Having brushed my teeth, I came downstairs for breakfast.
(时间状语,brush teeth 在come downstairs 之前发生)`
Thinking it over, you will not take the job.
= If you think it over (条件状语)
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
(原因状语,be there在offer 之前发生)
⒉ 现在分词一般不用作目的状语,通常用不定式作目的状语
I studied hard to pass the exam.
为了通过这次考试我努力读书。
为了强调目的,有时可把不定式放在句首,或在不定式前加in order 或so as。如:
In order to /To be there on time, we got up early.
为了按时到那儿,我们起的很早。(在句首时不能用so as to )
He sold them so as to /in order to/ to have money to buy some food.
他把它们卖掉是为了有钱买食物。
⒊ 过去分词作状语表示被动或完成的动作,表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等。
⑴Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever.
( = As we were encouraged by the teacher)
受到老师的鼓励,我们比以前更努力地学习。(原因状语)
⑵Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.
( = If it is considered from the point of view)
若从这个角度考虑,那个问题很重要。(条件状语)
⑶Seen from the hill, the town looks nice.
(= When the town is seen from the hill) (时间状语)
⑷He turned away disappointed.
( = and he was disappointed) (伴随状语)
⒋ 不定式和分词都可以作结果状语,但不定式表示出人意料的结果。
I came in only to find nobody here.
我走进来,却发现这儿一个人都没有。(表意外结果,加only用来强调意外)
He hurried to the station to find the train had gone.
他匆忙赶往车站,结果发现火车开走了。(表意外结果)
The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
= and made it the most popular song
全国到处在传唱这首歌曲,使它成了一首最受人欢迎的歌曲。(没有意外结果的意思)
⒌ 分词短语作状语时,它表示的动作或状态有意义上的主语,这个意义上的主语与句中主语是一致的,即指的同一的人或物。
如:
Looking up at Tom, I listened to the story of Washington.
我抬头看着汤姆,听着华盛顿的故事。(look up 和listen to 都是 “ 我”发出的动作)
如果分词短语意义上的主语与句中主语不是同一的人或物,就必须有一个名词或一个主格代词作它意义上的主语,放在前面构成一个独立短语,这种“名词(主格代词)+分词”的结构称为带主语的独立结构。这种结构相当于一个状语从句,表示条件、原因、结果、伴随等。
⑴The bus being very crowded, he had to stand.
=As the bus was very crowded…
公共汽车很挤,他只好站着。(表原因)(分词的逻辑主语是the bus,句子的主语是he)
⑵All the guests having left, we began cleaning up the room.
= After all the guests had left…
所有的客人走了之后,我们开始打扫房间。(表时间)(分词的逻辑主语是all the guests,句子的主语是we)
⑶ “Mama!” she cried suddenly, tears rolling down her cheeks.
= …,and tears rolled down her cheeks.
“妈妈”,她突然哭了,眼泪顺着脸颊流下来。(表伴随)(分词的逻辑主语是tears,句子的主语是she)
Ⅵ 不定式和分词作补足语的用法比较:
⒈ 不定式主动式作补足语表主动的动作,现在分词作补足语表正在进行的动作,过去分词和不定式被动式作补足语表被动的动作。
Would you like us to go with you?
你愿意我们和你一起去吗? (我们去)
She could fell her heart beating violently.
她可以感到自己的心跳得很厉害。(心正在跳动)
Please get your baby examined.
请让你的孩子检查一下。(孩子被检查)
⒉ let, make, have, see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等词的后面接不定式作宾补时不带to。(在这些词中,除了let 和have一般不用于被动语态,其他动词均可用于被动语态,用于被动语态时,后面的不定式短语前须带to.)
I let my child stay up late.
我让我的孩子很晚才睡。
I didn’t notice you come in.
我没注意到你进来。
I made them give me the money back.
我让他们把我的钱还了。
They were made to pay back the money.
他们被迫还钱。
He was noticed to leave the office.
有人注意到他离开了办公室。
⒊ 感官动词 see, hear, watch, notice, observe等后面接“宾语+ 不带to 的不定式”时,表示看到一个动作或一件事情的全过程;接“宾语+ 现在分词”时,指看到或听到一个正在进行的动作,是一部分,而不是全过程;接过去分词作宾补时,表示“感受到某人或某事被…”
I saw him crossing the road.
我看到他正在过马路。(指在马路中间或过马路的途中)
I saw him cross the road.
我看见他过了马路。(指看见他过了马路这个过程)
I saw him beaten black and blue.
我看到他被打得青一块紫一块。(指看见他被打)
⒋ get, have, make, keep等词后过去分词作宾语补足语时表示“致使某人或某物被…”
I got my bad tooth pulled out at the dentist’s.
我在牙医诊所里让医生把自己的坏牙拔掉了。
They should keep us informed of what is going on there.
他们应当让我们随时了解那里发生的情况。
⒌ 要求接带to 的不定式作其宾补的动词有:
force, tell, invite, expect, wish, advise, warn, cause, order, encourage, persuade, beg, permit, allow等
He advised me to give up smoking.
他建议我戒烟。
We encouraged him to try again.
我们鼓励他再试试。
At the meeting they invited me to speak.
在会议上他们邀请我发言。
⒍ have +宾语+ 宾补
这个结构中用省去to 的不定式作宾补时,表示“让某人做某事”;用现在分词作宾补时,表示“让某人或某事不停地,持续地或一次又一次地进行某一个动作”;用过去分词作宾补时,常表示让别人做某事(有时作宾补的动词可能是主语的动作)或表示遭遇或经历。
I had my bike repaired yesterday.
我昨天找人修了自行车。(让别人做某事)
I had my wallet picked at the cinema last night.
昨晚在电影院我的钱包被偷了。(表遭遇)
I must have my work done by Wednesday.
我必须在星期四之前把工作做完。(“我”要工作,表宾补的动作是主语发出的)
I had him find me a job.
我让他给我找个工作。(表让某人做某事)
He had us laughing all through the meal.
他让我们在整顿饭期间笑个不停。(表不停地、一次又一次地笑)
* have +宾语+doing 用于否定时常和情态动词will/would连用,表示“不允许某人总是或反复地做某事”
I won’t have him speaking to me like that.
我不允许他那样对我讲话。
Ⅶ 非谓语动词的时态和语态
⒈ 一般来说,当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,即不定式与它修饰的名词/代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式一般要用被动形式。
⑴It’s possible for our hopes to be realized.
(realize 和our hopes 构成了动宾关系)
⑵The book is not allowed to be taken out of the room.
( take 和book构成了动宾关系)
⒉ 如果不定式与最近的名词/代词有逻辑上的动宾关系,但与同句中的另一名词却有主谓关系,则不定式用主动式。
He needs a room to live in.
(live 和room构成动宾关系,但又和he 构成主谓关系)
⒊ 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动式。
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
(A key unlocks the door. )
⒋ 不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one 或for people.
The man is hard to get along with.
那个男人难相处。
The question is easy to answer.
这个问题容易回答。
⒌ 不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或在它之 后发生;不定式的进行式表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行;不定式的完成式表示在谓语的动作之前发生。
He seems to know it.
(表现在知道 )
He pretended to be reading.
( 表他当时假装正在读书 )
He is said to have written a new book.
(表据说他早已写了一部新书 )
⒍ 现在分词分为一般式和完成式两种。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作(几乎)同时发生;现在分词的完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。现在分词的完成式主要用于状语中,一般不用于定语和宾补中(现在分词用于否定时,要把not放在分词前)
Having done the job, I went home.
完成了工作之后我回家了。(“完成”这个动作在“回家”之前发生)
While waiting for the bus, I read a copy of China Daily.
等公共汽车时我读着一份《中国日报》。(wait和read是同时发生的)
Not having been there before, I know little about the place.
我以前没去过那里,对那个地方不太了解。(不能说Having not been…)
⒎ 如果现在分词与句子的主语是主动关系,现在分词就用主动语态,如果是被动关系且是一个正在进行的动作,现在分词就用被动形式。
Do you know the child singing under the tree?
( 孩子在唱歌,表主动关系)
The building being repaired is our library.
(楼正在被修建,表进行和被动关系)
⒏ 动名词的时态分为一般式和完成式两种,如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间,是与谓语动作同时或之后发生的,常用一般式;如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,常用完成式。
He insisted on his son’s going to college.
( go to college在insist 之后发生)
The department of Education gave him a medal for having completed sixty years of teaching.
(complete…teaching发生在give …a medal 之前)
高考预测题:
1.The meeting _______ next week is sure to be a great success.
A. to take place B. to be taken place
C. to have taken place D. being taken place
2._______ by the Comrade Lei Feng, we try our best to do good deeds.
A. Inspired B. Being inspired C. To be inspired D. Inspiring
3.It’s no good _______ here. Let’s go home.
A. to wait B. waited C. waiting D. being waited
4.I listened to the wind, ______ that he would not come tonight.
A. thinking B. to think C. thought D. being thinking
5.As a result of my laziness, I failed ________ my work in time.
A. and finished B. to finish C. and finishing D. to finished
6.I am sorry ______ written you a letter at the time.
A. to have not B. to not have C. not to have D. not having
7.Tom apologized to me ______ again.
A. to be late B. of being late C. to have been late D. for being late
8.I remained _______ long after I had been told the story.
A. puzzling B. puzzled C. being puzzled D. to be puzzled
9.Will you lend him a magazine _________?
A. to be read B. for reading C. to read D. he read
10.The article _________ on this subject was written by Mr. Black.
A. referring B. referred C. referring to D. referred to
11.Living near the sea, ___________________.
A. we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight
B. healthy air and beautiful sight is what we enjoy
C. it is healthy air and beautiful sight we enjoy
D. so we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight
12.__________ since the night before, I felt very hungry.
A. Having not eaten anything
B. Not eating anything
C. I hadn’t eaten anything
D. Not having eaten anything
13.We then listened to the child ________ the article ______ on the blackboard.
A. read, writing
B. reading, writing
C. to read, written
D. read, written
14.________ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
15._________ such a chance, why don’t you have a try?
A. To give B. Having C. Given D. Giving
16.We discussed the plan that we would like to see ________ the next week.
A. carry on B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
17._________ made them much disappointed.
A. His not coming back
B. Not his coming back
C. He not to come back
D. Not he come back
18.Five people were reported ________ in the accident.
A. to be killed B. to kill C. killed D. to have been killed
19.I flew to Paris this morning, my assistant ________ me there this Friday.
A. joining B. to join C. will join D. wants to join
20.He tried to calm himself, _______ .
A. force B. to force C. forcing D. forced
21.____________ , I went to the park with my uncle.
A. As holiday
B. Being no classes
C. Since have no classes
D. It being a holiday
22. “Do you mind _________?” “Go ahead.”
A. opening the door
B. your opening the door
C. my opening the door
D. I opening the door
23. I have one or two things ____________.
A. to look B. to see C. to see to D. to look to
24._________ is bad for his health.
A. Mike smoking B. Mike’s smoking C. Mike’s being smoking D. Mike smokes
25.I came into the classroom, ______ my seat and sat down to read.
A. finding B. to find C. found D. founded
26.I am tired and I don’t feel like _____ any further.
A. to walk B. to be walking C. walking D. walk
27.She did nothing but ________walk in the street.
A. taking B. take C. to take D. took
28.It is a problem that doesn’t need ________ right now.
A. to solve B. solving C. being solved D. to be solving
29.I ________ my handbag stolen last week.
A. had B. let C. lost D. left
30.________ by a crowd of people, I felt nervous, ______ what to say.
A. Watching, didn’t know
B. Having watched, and not knew
C. Having been watch, not known
D. Being watched, not knowing
答案与提示:
1.A 通过“next week”得知会议是在下周举行,用不定式作定语表示将来的动作,take place没有被动形式。
2.A 题意为:由于受到雷锋同志精神的鼓舞我们竭尽全力做好事。不定式作状语时常表示目的和结果,故C项不对。过去分词作状语时表被动和完成。B项表示正在进行的动作。
3.C It is no good doing sth. 这个结构中,doing是个动名词,用作主语。句意为:在这里等着也没用,咱们还是回家吧。
4.A 分词作伴随状语。如填C, 前面应有and。不定式表目的或结果,句子意思不通。 D 为不正确的表达。
5.B fail to do sth. 固定短语,“没有能够…”。A项句子意义不通,D项表达不对。
6.C 不定式的完成式的否定式做原因状语,否定词not必须在不定式之前。
7.D apologize to sb. for sth./doing sth.为常见搭配。
8.B puzzled 表主语感到迷惑不解的,puzzling 表令人迷惑不解的,being puzzled强调正在进行的被动动作,to be puzzled表在主句谓语之后发生。
9.C 不定式作定语,to read 的逻辑主语是间接宾语him。
10.D 过去分词作后置定语,意为“被提到的…”。
11.A living near the sea 分词短语作原因状语,其动作必须由主语来做。
12.D 现在分词完成式的否定式做原因状语,否定须在短语之前。
13.D listen to 意为“听某人做某事”与hear用法相同,其后可以用不带to 的不定式,也可以用动名词。written on the blackboard 为过去分词作定语,修饰the article。
14.D 祈使句+ and+ 陈述句 是一个固定句型,在这个句型当中,前面的祈使句表示一个肯定的条件。
15.C Given过去分词作状语,表示原因,相当于since you are given。
16.C that 引导定语从句修饰plan。 carried out 过去分词短语在定语从句中作宾语补足语。
17.A 考查动名词的否定形式,not应紧挨着doing。
18.D sb. be reported to do sth. 表“据报道…”,因此空白处应填不定式。不定式一般式表将要发生的动作或将出现的状态,完成式表已完成的动作或状态。句意为:据报道事故中已有五人死亡。
19.B to join me 有自己的逻辑主语,成为句子的独立主格结构,表将要做的动作。A 表进行的动作,C、D使句子的后半部分成为从句,但缺少连词。
20.C forcing现在分词作伴随状语,表陪衬性的次要动作。填A、D句中结构不对,填B句子意义不通。
21.D 独立主格作全句的原因状语。A虽可作状语,但本句中意义不通,C为错误表达方式,B是分词短语,但其动作不是主句主语做的。
22.C “Do you mind …?” 后常有if引导的从句或动名词短语。根据“Go ahead.”可知 “开门”动作是“我”发出的。A、B的逻辑主语有问题。D动名词复合式,代词不应为主格。
23.C to see to = to take care of 为不定式做定语。A、B均却少介词,不定式和被修饰词things建立不起来动宾关系,填D项句子语法结构错误。
24.B 动名词的复合式作主语时需用所有格形式。D为名词性从句但缺少引导词。
25.C 一句话中有三个连续谓语动作,都用过去时,中间不应有伴随分词或不定式状语无故出现。
26.C feel like 表示“想要”,其后应接动名词。
27.B 当but前面有实义动词do的任何形式时,后面用不带to 的不定式,否则就要用带to的不定式。
28.B need 实义动词,后面的动作表被动时,应用动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式。
29.A have + 名词(或代词)+过去分词 可表示某种遭遇。Let后面的宾语不接过去分词。D项表示“听凭某种状况而走开不管”,与题意不符。
30.D Being watched …表示原因或时间,“正在被观看”,是进行时的被动语态。Not knowing表示伴随动作。C项的后部分的分词短语表示被动,也不对。
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