连词和从句1
1.并列连词
连词也是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分,只能连接词与词、短语与短语以及句与句。一般来说,连词在英语中运用较多;在汉语中,常可把两个或更多的句子连起来而不用连词,这种情况在英语中却比较少见,值得注意。连词主要分为两类:并列连词(Coordinating
Conjunction)和从属连词(Subordinating Conjunction)。这里先介绍并列连词。
表示添加的并列连词
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and, as well as, both…and, not only…but
also
——He is kind as well as sensible.(他善良而又明白事理。)
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表示转折的并列连词
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but, yet, not that…but that, however,
nevertheless
——I’m afraid I can’t go. Nevertheless, I appreciate your
invitation. (恐怕我不能去,但是,我感谢你的邀请。)
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表示因果的并列连词
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for, so,
therefore
————These birds are very rare and therefore protected by law.
(这些都是珍禽,因而受到法律保护。)
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表示对比的并列连词
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whereas, while
———Their
country has plenty of oil, while ours has none.
(他们国家盛产石油,我们国家却一点也没有。)
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表示选择的并列连词
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or,
either…or
----She is one of those people that you either love or hate.
(她是那种人们非爱即恨的人。)
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注意以下几点:
(1)
and 除了表示添加以外, 还可在下列句型中表示结果,例如:Talk to anyone in the drug industry,
and you will soon discover that the science of genetics is the
biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.
(要是和药品工业界的任何一个人谈一谈,你很快就会发现, 从青霉素被发现以来, 遗传科学对药品研究的影响最大。) 又例如:Five
minutes earlier, and we could have caught the last train. ( 如果提前5
分钟,我们就能赶上最后这班火车了。)
(2) 当两个词之间用and
连接时,我们通常把较短的词放在前面。例如: big and ugly; cup and saucer 。
(3)
有些用and 连接的词组是约定俗成的, 前后顺序不能颠倒。例如:hands and knees; knife and fork;
bread and butter; men, women and children; fish and chips 。
(4)
对于有些并列连词(eg. not only…but also), 我们通常把相同类型的词分别接在not only 与but also
后面, 以求得结构的平衡。 例如:Throughout history, shoes have been worn not only
for protection but also for decoration.(有史以来, 穿鞋不仅是为了起保护作用,
而且也是用作装饰。) 类似not only…but also 的结构还有:neither…nor, either…or,
both…and 等。
(5)
并列连词不能与从属连词(eg. although, though, since, because)搭配使用。例如: Although
Professor Green’s lectures usually ran over the fifty-minute
period, but none of his students ever objected as they found his
lectures both informative and interesting. 在这句话中,although
与but不能同时使用,所以应去掉but。全句意为: 虽然格林教授的课通常都超过50分钟, 但是他的学生中从没有人反对,
因为他们发现他的课不仅知识性强,而且有趣。 又例如:Since a nation’s banks provide the
support for its economy, and any hint of insolvency causes great
concern . 在这句话中,since 与 and 不能同时使用,所以应去掉
and。全句意为: 由于一个国家的银行是为本国的经济提供支持, 因此,任何无力偿还的迹象都会引起极大的关注。
2.
从属连词和从句 名词性从句和连词
名词性从句有主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句。它们的功用相当于名词,分别作主语,表语,宾语,和同位语。这四种从句和主句之间不用逗号。
引导名词性从句的关连词有以下三类:
从属连词
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that, whether
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连接代词
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who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whichever,
whoever
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连接副词
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when, where, how, why, whenever,
wherever
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主语从句(Subject Clause)
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a.
由that引导的主语从句既可以位于句首,又可以用it作其形
式主语。
----That men have learned much from the behaviour of animals is
hardly
new.(人类从动物的行为中学到了许多东西,这不是什么新情况。)
----It’s known to all that the earth moves round the sun.
(众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。)
b.由连接代词或副词引导。
----When the zero was invented is not known.(零是何时发明的还不为人们所知。)
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表语从句(Predictive Clause)
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a.
由that 引导。----The trouble is that he does not know a word of
English.(麻烦的是他一个英语词都不认识。)
b.
由连接代词与副词引导。----That’s what we
want.(这是我们想要的东西。)
c.
由连接词as if 或as though 引导。----It looks as if(though)it’s going to
rain.(天好像要下雨了。)
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宾语从句(Object Clause)
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同位语从句(Appositive Clause)
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注意以下几点:
(1)
在含有形式主语 “it”
的句子中,主语从句前的连接词不能遗漏。
------It’s still being discussed whether we shall go to the park or
the
cinema.
(他们是去公园还是去电影院,这个问题尚在讨论中。)
(2)
从属连词if不能代替whether来引导主语、表语、同位语和介词后的宾语从句。在书面语中不能用if…or not ,
但在口语中能用此结构。
------Whether
or not an object floats depends on the density of both the object
and the water.
(一个物体是否会浮起,既取决于该物体的密度,又取决于水的密度。)
在这句话中, if 就不能代替whether来引导主语从句。
(3)
在as if/as though
引导的表语从句中,谓语动词常常为虚拟语气形式。
--He
talks as if he knew everything in the world. (他说起来好象知道世上的一切似 的。)
一个人学识再渊博也不可能知道一切,故需用虚拟语气。
(4)
当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等时,
如果宾语从句要表示否定意义,往往通过主句的否定式来实现。
------I don’t think I can get away at the moment. (我想眼下我离不开。)
(5)
用that 引导的从句作介词的宾语是很少见的, 只有在“except, in, but, besides”
等介词后偶尔能用到。------The two books are the same except that this one had
a key at the back.(除了这本书后面有问题答案之外, 这两本书完全一样。)
(6)
在某些动词之后, 作宾语的that 从句中的谓语动词为虚拟语气形式(详见
“虚拟语气”)。例如:Mike insists that
Jack not stay in this hotel.(迈克坚持要杰克别住这家旅馆。)
(7)
引导介词宾语从句的whether不能换作if。
------Many principles of jet propulsion apply regardless of whether
air or water is the fluid used.(不论所使用的流体是空气还是水,喷射推进的许多原则都是适用的。)
形容词性定语从句和关系代(副)词
定语从句在复合句中起定语的作用,相当于形容词用法,故又叫形容词性从句。它通常修饰前面的名词或代词,被它所修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,
whom, which, that, whose 及 as ;关系副词有when, where, why。
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句(restrictive attributive
clause)和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive attributive
clause)。限制性定语从句把先行词所代表的人或物与同类的其他人或物相区别,起限定的作用。如果把这种定语从句省去,主句的意思就会不完整,而非限制性定语从句只对所修饰的词作进一步的描述说明,如果省去,其他部分仍然可以成立。
限制性定语从句
由关系代词who, whom, whose 引导
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1. who ----The travelers who knew about the
floods took another road. (知道发洪水的旅客改走另一条路。)关系代词who
在定语从句中作主语,不能省略,可被that替代用。
2. whom ----The people (whom) I saw were unwilling to go out
afte it got light.(我看见的那些人即使在天亮之后也不愿出去。)
关系代词whom在定语从句中作宾语,可省略。
3. Whose ----My dog whose name is Leica is growing
fast.(我的名叫萊卡的狗长得很快。)
关系代词whose在定语从句中作名词的定语,不可省略,通常指代人,也可指代物,表示单数或复数名词的所属关系。
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由关系代词which ,that及as 引导
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1. which ----The wine which was in the
cellar was all ruined. (藏在地窖里的酒坏了。) 关系代词
that在大多数情况下可用来可替代which,指代物。
2.
that---- All that is needed is a continuous supply of the
basic necessities of life.(所需要的不过是不间断地供给生活必需品。)that 可指代物也可指代人,
但作为关系代词,不能用在介词后,不能指代整个主句。3. as ----We should read such books
as are beneficial to us. (我们应该读那些对我们有益的书籍。)---- This is the same
umbrella as was bought yesterday. (这把伞与昨天你买的那把伞一模一样。)
关系代词as常用于上述二个句型。
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由介词+关系代词which, whom 引导
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1. prep+which ----Approaching
evening, we arrived at a village at the back of which stood a small
hill.
(傍晚时分,我们抵达一个村子,它的背后有座小山。)
2. prep+whom ----The girl to whom I spoke just now is
my cousin.(刚才我和她讲话的那个女孩是我表妹。) 介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配,及与从句谓语动词的搭配。
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由关系副词when, where, why 引导
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1. when ----There are moments when I forgot
all about it.
(有的时候我完全忘了这一切。)
2. where ----I know of a place where we can swim.
(我知道一个可以游泳的地方。)
3. why ----He never told me the reason why he had quitted
the job. (他从未告诉过我他辞职的理由。)
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