主谓一致*谓语就近原则和就前原则的小思考
(2009-09-25 15:20:21)
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分类: 研究研究 |
文章来源:http://blog.163.com/gbs.q/blog/static/86127022009726104420313/
1. Tom, as well as his brothers likes the board--skating.
as well as句子中,as well as前面的名词被强调,所以谓语应该跟前面的名次一致。
所以
tom as well as his brothers likes the board--skating.
2. 同样的道理, not on
not on
3.相似的待思考,如either or, neither,
===============
As well as the normal supplies of salted meat cheese, plain biscuits and beer, he took live sheep , pigs and chickens .
as well as 除了。。以外, 不但。。。 而且(not
on
例如:We shall travel by night as well as
by day.=we shall travel not on
要注意当as well as连接两个并列的主语时, 句子的谓语动词应和as well as 前面的主语一致。
例如:Tom, as well as his brothers likes the board--skating.
=================
主谓一致
英语中谓语动词在人称和数上必须同主语保持一致,叫主谓一致,具体情况如下:
1.大多数的以 - (e)s 结尾的名词表示复数意义,但 means,news,goods,works 通常表示单数意义,不过,这几个词中个别名词在具体的语境中也可以表示复数意义。判断的方法是:若这些词前有 a,such a,this,that,each,every 修饰时,谓语用单数。means,no means,the means 等前没有上述修饰语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。
Every means has been tried.
All possible means have been tried.
2.由成双(对)部分组成的衣服或物品的名词名称,如 trousers,glasses等,通常用作复数。但若其前有表示单位的 pair,piece 等量词时,则谓语的单复数由这些量词的单复数决定。
His trousers have worn out.
The pair of trousers has worn out.
3.专有名词及书名,通常只做单数用。
The Selected Poems of Li Bai was published long ago.
The United Nations was set up in 1945.
4.family,team,party,class,public,club,crew,crowd,group,enemy,audience,committee,company 等词作为一个整体看时,表示单数意义,他们的复数形式须根据具体情况添加复数后缀 - (e)s。若就其中一个个成员来看时,则表示复数形式。集合名词作主语时,动词的数要与主语表示的概念一致,不与主语的形式一致。
My family is active.
My family are early risers.
The two families live in Beijing.
5.people,cattle,police 等只能表示复数意义,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The police have caught the murderer.
6.population 作主语时,通常看作单数,若 population 前有分数、百分数修饰时,则句子谓语通常用复数。
The population in China is very large,and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers.
7.单复数同形的名词,如:sheep,deer 等作主语时,应根据主语的单复数意义确定谓语动词的形式。
A deer is over there.
Some deer are over there.
8.表示度量、距离、金额、时间等数量的名词(词组)作主语时,通常看作单数。
Twenty years has passed.
9.分数,量词,数学算式通常看作单数。但若强调数量时,也可看作复数,尤其是对于加法和乘法算式。在对加、减、乘、除的得数提问时,若用how much,则谓语动词多用单数,若用 how many 提问,则谓语动词多用复数。
Twenty divided by four is five.二十除以四得五。
Four plus (and) three is/are seven.四加三等于七。
How much is ten divided by five? 十除以五得多少?
How many are four times two? 四乘二得多少?
10.由分数,百分数 + of + 名词或 some/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large quantity of/the rest of/half of/part of + 名词构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的数由短语中名词的数决定。
The rest of meat goes bad.
The rest of workers are still very tired.
11.a number of,many,a few 只能修饰可数名词的复数形式,它们的谓语动词用复数。a little,much,a great deal of,a large amount of 只能修饰不可数名词,其谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of scientists are invited to the party.
A great deal of petrol is wasted.
12.the number of + 可数名词的复数形式,the amount of + 不可数名词,the quantity of + 可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。这是因为主语的中心词分别是 number,amount,quantity。
The number of students in Class 9 is 105.
13.more than +
名词词组作主语时,谓语动词的数要与名词词组中心词的数一致。more + 复数名词 + than on
More than two hundred people have turned up.
More than on
More persons than on
14.many a + 单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Many a student has made that mistake.
(比较:Many students have made that mistake.)
15.on
On
16.this kind of + 复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数,复数名词 + of this kind 作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
This kind of animals is dangerous.
Animals of this kind are dangerous.
17.由 and,both...and...连接的并列主语通常表示复数意义,谓语动词应用复数。但当并列主语指的是同一个人(如事物或概念)时,谓语动词应用单数形式。判别二者的方法通常要看 and 后的名词前是否有冠词。
The writer and the poet are here.(作家和诗人)
The writer and poet is here.(作家兼诗人)
18.关联连词 not...but..., not
on
Not on
19.主语后面跟有 as well as,along with,with,together with,except,besides,including,followed by 等引导的词组时,谓语动词的单、复数根据主语的单、复数而定。
The girl as well as boys has learned to use computers.
20.each...and each..., every...and every...连接的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Each man and each woman is asked to help.
21.不定代词 either,neither,all, none, each, the other, another, such, the same 以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词习惯上用单数。但none 可看作复数,有时也可看作单数。
Everyone is here;no on
22.关系代词 who,that,which 等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数保持一致。
He is on
He is the on
23.the + 形容词通常表示一类人,看作复数;但在具体语境中也可表示一个人。
The wounded were treated well.
The wounded (soldier) was taken away by a little peasant boy.
24.名词性从句作主语时,通常看作单数。但若其表示复数概念,则应看作复数。判断的一般方法是看表语的单复数。
What we need is more money.
What we need are more clothes
25.不定式,v - ing 形式作主语时,通常看作单数。
To have finished writing the essay is quite a relief to me.
Reading English is easier than speaking it.
旧知归纳
英语句子中,主语的“人称”和“数”要限制,决定谓语动词的形式变化,这就叫“主谓一致”关系。
它通常依据三项原则:
1)语法一致; 2)意义一致; 3)就近一致。
【语法一致原则】
I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.
①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。
②Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗?
Is your mother a worker ?(正)(主语your mother 是单数第三人称)
I .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。
1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)”或“从句”等作主语,用单数谓语形式。e.g.
①The work is imp
②To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。
③How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。
2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.
①The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。
②They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。
II. 以“and ”或“both… and”连接的并列主语:
1.通常作复数用 。e.g.
①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。
②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。
③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。
2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽象概念),作单数用。e.g.
①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。
②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。
③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。
3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时,仍作单数用。e.g.
①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。
②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。
Ⅳ. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时:
1. a)“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语:“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g.
①Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。
②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。
b)"a / an + 单名+ or two " 大多接单数谓语: "on
①On
②On
c)"a / an + 单名+ and a half"常接单数谓语;“on
①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。
②On
d) "more than on
①More than on
②More students than on
③More than on
2 ,主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup/glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre /… )of”等时,表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。e.g.
a)①There is on
②Large quantities of water are needed . 需要大量的水。
b)①This kind of apple is sweet . 这种苹果甜。
②This kind of apples is (are) sweet . (大多依 kind ,作单数用 )
③These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . (总作复数用)
但:Apples of this kind are sweet . (总作复数用)
3. 主语后接“with…”等构成的短语修饰成分时:谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but ,besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than ,more than ”等。e.g.
①A woman with two children has come . 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。
②I as well as they am ready to help you . 不仅他们,我也愿帮助你。
4. "on
1)定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”,因此从句的谓语用复数形式。e.g.
①This is on
②He was on
2)若“on
He was the on
【意义一致原则(Notional Concord)】
I. 集合名词作主语时:(参见“名词”部分)
1. 有些通常作复数用(不变词形)。如:“people , police , cattle (牛,牲口),folk , youth , militia (民兵)”,等。e.g.
The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕获凶手。
2. 有些指“整体”时作单数,指其中的“成员”时作复数(不变词形)。如 "army ,audience(听众),class ,club (俱乐部) ,company(公司), committee(委员会) ,crew,crowd ,staff(员工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple,population ,team ."等。e.g.
①Our family is a happy on
②The family are early risers . 这家人都起得早。
③The public are (is )requested not to litter . 请公众不要乱扔废弃物。
但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如:families , two classes .等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如:peoples多个民族。 youths男青年。 folks亲友。
II. 代词作主语时:(参见“代词”部分)
1. 不定代词"each ,on
①Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。
②Neither plan suits me .③Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 两个计划都不适合我。
2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用:“someone ,somebody ,something
,anybody,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody
,no on
①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗?
②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。
3. 下列不定代词作复数用:“(a)few ,many ,several, both”等。e.g.
①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。
②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。
4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数:
1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.
①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁?
②Who are League Members .哪些是团员?
2)"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g.
①All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的学生)都在用功。
②All (of the paint ) is fine .(这些油漆)都很好。
3)"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的)",等。e.g.
①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。
②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。
Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时:
1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g.
Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。
2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语,作“整体”看时作单数用,侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g.
①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴,弹指一挥间。
②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。
3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g.
①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。
②On
4. "a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) "+复数名词,常作复数用。e.g.
①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。
②There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。
但是,“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数。e.g.
①The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。
②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。
Ⅳ.单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时:(参见“名词”部分)
1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词:指教育、科研的某一学科,作单数。e.g.
Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎觉得数学不难。但是,表“具体的学业、活动”等时,多用作复数。e.g.
①Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。(指“学业成绩、能力”)
②What are your politiscs? 你的政治观点如何?
2. “works工厂,means方法,series系列,species物种,aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形,要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。e.g.
①This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这(几)家工厂是两年前修建的。
②Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各种办法都试过了。
这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (总部驻地),bellows(风箱),plastics, gallows (绞架), manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。(但news(消息)是不可数名词,通常只作单数用。)
Ⅴ. "the + 形容词/分词"作主语时:
1. 指“一类”人或事物时,常用作复数用。e.g.
①The English speak English. 英国人讲英语。
②The rejected were heaped in the corner . 废品堆在角落里。
2.指“某一个”人,或“抽象的”事物时,作单数用。e.g.
①The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父亲。
②The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。
③The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、进步的事物总是要战
胜旧的东西。
Ⅵ.专用名词作主语时:
1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。e.g.
①The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。
②The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 《天方夜谭》很有趣。
2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可,尤其是编成集子的书。e.g.
Dickens' Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 .
狄更斯所著的《美国笔记》出版于1842年。
Ⅶ“what等引导的从句”作主语时:
1. 大多作单数用。e.g.
①What we need is more practice . 我们需要的是更多的实践。
②What he says doesn't agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。
2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时,谓语动词用单数或复数两可。e.g.
①What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想,不关我的事。
②What he bought was /were some books . 他所买的是几本书。
【就近一致原则(Proximity)】
也称“邻近原则”,即:谓语与靠近的名词、代词(有时不一定是主语)在“人称、数”上一致。
I.在正式文体中:
1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:"or ; either …or;nor;
neither…or;whether…or;not…but; not on
①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。
④Not on
2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.
①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of thepeople . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。
②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。
II. 非正式文体中:
有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.
Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式)
Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式)
但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.
No on