Editor: Wang Xinzhan

 

学习目标：（Learning Aims） 1、 通过学习，学生能够了解名词性从句的特征； 2、  学生能够掌握引导名词性从句的连接词的含义，并在不同语境中选择合适的连接词； 3、  学生能够区分名词性从句和定语从句。

 

 

 

Ⅰ. Discovering useful structures:

请将每句中的名词性从句标上下划线，并标出连接词、体会从句所做的成分、语序、时态。

1.       That fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.

2.       It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life.

3.       What matters most in learning English is enough practice.

4.       To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions whoever had used the products.

5.       Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea where the party is to be held?

6.       We don’t know whose keys those are.

7.       I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is why he never finishes anything.

8.       He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.

9.       When do you think he will come?

10.   It doesn’t matter whether you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.

11.   The teacher asked if / whether we had finished the experiment.

12.   Scientists study how human brains work to make computers.

自我归纳：（Summing-up）

1. 名词性从句是指：在复合句中起_________作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括_________、_________、_________和_________，可分别作主句的主语、宾语、表语和同位语。名词性从句是英语三大从句之一，即：形容词性从句（即_______）, 副词性从句（即_______）, 和名词性从句。

2. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类
连接词：that, whether, if （在从句中不充当成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which, whichever.(在从句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语)
连接副词：when, where, how, why（在从句中作状语，有时亦可作表语）

3. ① 名词性从句在从句中为 _________语序。

   ② 特殊疑问词+do you think/ suppose/ believe/ expect +_____语序。如句 (9)。

 

Ⅱ. Summarizing Key Points:

一、主语从句 在句中作主语的从句叫主语从句。

1、that, whether 引导

① That he is still alive is a wonder.

② It suddenly occurred to him that he had left his key in the office.

③ It’s no longer a question now that man can land on the moon.

      ④ It was said that only three people in the world could understand Einstein’s theory at that time.

⑤ The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.

  2、连接代词引导

① Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear.        

② Whoever comes is welcome.

③ Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.

④ What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.

3、连接副词引导

① When we arrive doesn’t matter.

② Why the dinosaurs disappeared suddenly still remains a puzzle.

二、宾语从句 在句中充当宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。

1. 由连接词that, if, whether引导的宾语从句

① I think (that) women can reach very high achievements in many fields of science.

② So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.

③ He suggested (that) we (should) set off as early as possible.

④ I think it necessary that we drink enough water every day.

⑤ He told me (that) he had two sons and that they both had gone to college.

2. 由连接代词引导的宾语从句

① A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago.

② Sarah hopes to become a friend of whoever shares her interests.

③ I’ll just say whatever comes into my mind.

④ Eat whichever cake you like and leave the others for whoever comes in late.

⑤ There are so many good magazines that I don’t know which I should choose.

⑥ We don’t know who will take his place.

3. 由连接副词引导的宾语从句

① No one knows how the earth began, as it happened so long ago.

② Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?

③ I hate it when people talk with their mouth full of food.

三、表语从句 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。

1、that, whether, because, as if/though引导

① It seems that there are people from all over the world living here.

  ②The question is whether it is worth doing.

  ③ It looked as if / though it was going to snow.

④ This is probably because they are often very confident.

⑤ The reason why he came late was that he got up late.

2、连接代词引导

① The problem is who will take charge of this shop.       

② He is not what he used to be a few years ago.

③ My suggestion is that you (should) read as much English as possible.

3、连接副词引导

  ① That is when I realized the importance of English.

  ② Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s where the best jobs are.

四、同位语从句 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。可用于同位语从句的名词有fact、idea、news、word（消息）、information、truth、doubt、wish、hope、promise、message、advice、suggestion、request、demand、order、problem、question、evidence、proof、sign等。例如：

1. 由连接词that, whether引导的同位语从句

  ① The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting.

  ② Do you have any idea whether he is coming or not?

  ③ There are signs that more people will learn English.

2. 由连接代词引导的同位语从句

  ① I have no idea what he’s talking about.

  ② The question who should do the job requires consideration.

3. 由连接副词引导的同位语从句

 ① We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend the holiday.

 ② I have no idea how he did it.

五、几个区别

1. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别：

同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，名词全部内容的体现；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系。在定语从句中，that作为关系代词，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
 ① We were excited at the news that our team had won.

② The news that we heard on the radio was exciting.

2. if 和whether的区别

1）在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中一般用whether；

2）在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换，但引导介词后边的宾语从句时，或与or not连用时一般用whether；

① Whether it is true remains a problem.

② That depends on whether you are suitable for the job.

③ I don’t know whether or not she will come.

3. that 与 what 的区别

that 在名词性从句中不充当句子成分，没有意义，只起连接作用；而 what 不仅起连接作用，而且有意义也充当句子成分。

① It worried her a bit _________ her hair was turning grey.

② ________ worried her a bit was that her hair was turning grey.

4. “疑问词 +ever”引导的从句与 “no matter+ 疑问词”引导的从句的区别

前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句，后者只能引导让步状语从句。如:

① No matter what/ Whatever I said, he wouldn’t listen to me.        

② You have our support, whatever/ no matter what you decide.

③ He would believe whatever I said.                     

④ Whoever did this job must be rewarded.

 

Ⅲ. Basic practice:

◆ 单句填空。

 

1. _______we can't get seems better than _______we have.

2. _______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

3. I hate _______when people talk with their mouths full.

4. _______we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather .

5. ________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.

6. ________ it is true remains a problem.

7. I don't know _________or not he'll come.

8. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ________shares her interests.

9. They received orders _______ the work（should） be finished by the end of this month.

10. The best moment for the football star was _______ he scored the winning goal.

11. He tells me that his brother __________(buy) a new football yesterday.

12. He told me that he __________(tell) Mary about the meeting already.

13. Our physics teacher told us that light ________(travel) faster than sound.

14. Some people believe _______ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.

15. Pick yourself up. Courage is doing    you're afraid to do.

16. Exactly ____ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.

17. It is difficult for us to imagine_______ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.

18. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That’s ______ I was born.”

19. “Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _________ my mother used to tell me.

20. --- Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?

     --- Yeah, but I have no idea _______ he did it; that’s one of his favorite universities.

21. There is no possibility ____ Bob can win the first prize in the match.

22. ___is required in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.

23. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ____ silly mistakes I had made.

24. It is the fact ____he doesn’t know his birthday ____ surprised us all.

25. It is none of your business _____ other people think about you. Believe in yourself.

26. It is no longer a question ____ man is learning more and more about space.

27. It is not immediately clear ___ the financial crisis will soon be over.

28. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of ____ he can react more appropriately on such occasions.

29. News came from the school office ____ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.

30. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do ___ it takes to save her life.

31. The notice came around two in the afternoon _____ the meeting would be postponed.

32. I made a promise to myself ____ this year, my first year in high school, would be different.

33. It suddenly occurred to him ___ he had left his keys in the office.

34. Scientists study ____ human brains work to make computers.

35. We promise _____attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.

36. As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _____ suits you best.

37. Evidence has been found through years of study ____ children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.

38. A good friend of mine from ___ I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.

39. In China, the number of cities is increasing   development is recognized across the world.

40. One reason for her preference for city life is        she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.

◆ 单句改错。

1. What we all like him is certain.                         

2. He left is certain.

3. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly that he wants.

4. His delay is due to the fact the car went wrong halfway.

5. He said that he had made a big mistake and he felt very sorry for it.

6. The reason why he did not come is he was ill.

7. Everything depends on if we have enough time.

8. He would believe no matter what I said.

9. It is suggested that Mr.Wang gives a performance at the party.

10. As John Lennon once said，life is that happens to you while you are busy making other plans.

11. Susan made that clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.

12. Whether the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.

13. I think that impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.

14. It’s a matter of whomever would take the position.

15. A story goes what Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. 

16. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is what I disagree.

17. The way he did it was different from which we were used to.

18. I don’t know when did he leave.

19. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That is what the best jobs are.

20. Could I speak to who is in charge of International Sales please?

 

Ⅳ. Challenging practice

(A)                                   

It is known ___1___ one of the aims of UNESCO is to protect and preserve ___2____(culture) and natural heritage. Our heritage is ___3___ precious gift from the past, and it is also ____4___ we live with today. I believe some of you may have visited Mount Tai and Mount Huang, or have been to Jiuzhaigou. Many people just find __5__ unbelievable ___6___ such beautiful places exist in this world.

These heritage sites impress visitors ___7___ their amazing beauty, and they are a great source of ___8___(inspire). There are altogether more than 900 World Heritage sites. People have come to understand the truth ____9___ they do not belong to any single person, ___10_____ to all mankind.

 

 (B)                 Staying healthy makes sense

       Many people wonder ___1___ there is any connection between our senses and our health. Scientists observe ___2___ making the most of our senses when we are young can keep us healthy later on in life.

       Why do we feel anxious or tired? One study shows ___3____ approximately 90% of our time is spent ____4___ television or using computers. It is added ___5____ while our sense of sight is used too much, our senses of touch and smell have been ignored.

       People often ask ___6____ or not we should develop all our senses. The answer is yes. Experts suggest ____7__ we do the following things more often. While having dinner, listen to some enjoyable music rather than watch television. While ____8____(relax) at home, have some flowers next to you __9______ smell nice. Before going to bed, turn the lights_____10_____. While sleeping, wear a nightshirt that is pleasant to touch—it will make us sleep well.

 

 (C)                         ‘Borrowed words’ — good or bad?

Languages keep borrowing words from other languages. This is one of the reasons ___1__ languages keep changing almost every day. ___2___ we should do about the increasing number of ‘borrowed words’ in our vocabulary is something that deserves careful thought. In England nowadays, there is no one to decide __3____ new words should be accepted into the language. A standard was first set for the English language by King Henry Ⅶ. That is __4___we have the phrase ‘the King’s English’. King Henry Ⅶ was a poet who showed great concern for language. He set a standard for ___5__ people were to speak English, but today___6___ can make a decision like that is anyone’s guess! 

However, there is an organization to make decisions like this in France. ___7___ French will be used is decided by a government department. At one time the department banned some ‘borrowed words’ from English, including ‘weekend’ and ‘e-mail’. French people supported this because they wanted to keep their language pure and unique.
   Today, the spread of ‘borrowed words’ is mostly due to the ___8____(easy) accessed Internet and television programs from across the world. Some people are optimistic and believe that this process is good, ___9____ others worry that it may result in language pollution. ____10__opinion you agree with is up to you.

 

Ⅵ. Small tricks

巧辨同位语从句和定语从句

（一）“同位”说明词有限，抽象名词它独揽。“定从”说明词随便，抽不抽象它不管。

（二）“同位”与其说明语，内容一样作用同，注释、说明、补充，是它名中的功能。

（三）that用在“同位”中，说啥不把“成分”充。若是派它引“定从”，不作成分可不中。