例析定语从句的易错点
(2012-04-13 16:39:33)
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定语从句先行词关系代词宾语谓语动词杂谈 |
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定语从句是英语中的最重要语法项目之一,是必须掌握的英语技能,也是学生学习的重点和难点。由于其结构和用法的复杂性,导致学生在运用中时常出现一些共性的问题。现将定语从句常见错误归纳如下:
误:I still remember the day which we met tor the first time.
析:引导词表示的是(we met)on the day,
在定语从句中作时间状语,不是作met的宾语,所以应该用关系副词when来引导。
误: I don’ t believe the reason why he has given for his being
late.
析:应将 why改为which或that,因为从句中的谓语动词has given缺少宾语,而不缺少原因状语。
关系词既起引导词的作用,同时还指代先行词,因而要避免在定语从句中重复出现与先行词有关的代词或副词。例如:
误:The sales manager you want to see him is on another line.
正:The sales manager(whom/that)you want to see is on another
line.
析: 应删去him。因为定语从句的宾语是省略的关系代词whom或that,既是引导词也指代先行词manager,
所以应该去掉代词him。
三、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错
当先行词在定语从句中做主语时,应注意谓语动词的人称、数要与先行词保持一致。例如:
字串9误:Tom is the only one of the students who like swimming.
字串9
正:Tom is one of the students who like swimming.
字串9
正:Tom is the only one of the students who likes swimming.
字串9
析:在“ one of 复数名词+定语从句”结构中,定语从句的先行词是复数名词,故谓语动词要用复数形式;在“
the(only)one of 复数名词+定语从句”结构中,先行词是 one ,故谓语动词要用单数形式。
四、误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词
关系词在定语从句中充当宾语(作介词宾语且前置时除外),一般可以省略,做主语等其他成分一般不省略。
误:Children eat a lot of sugar often have had teeth.
正:Children who/ that eat a lot of sugar often have had
teeth.
析:应加上关系代词who或that, 因为从句缺少主语,且主语不能省略。
五、认不清分隔现象
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面,但有些时候是因为特殊需要,把先行词与定语从句分离,增加难度,以此来考查学生对基础知识和语法结构的辨析能力。
常见的分隔情况如下:
误:Miss Yang was the only girl in the office which had been
invited to the party.
析:应把关系代词which改成who,因为先行词girl和定语从句被状语in the office隔开了。
六、与强调句型及其他句型的混合
在实际运用中,要分清到底是定语从句,还是并列句、状语从句、强调句或其它句型,然后再来确定关联词。例如
Mr Wu has two sons, and both of them are fond of playing
golf.
Mr Wu has two sons, both of whom are fond of playing
golf.
析:例1中 and连接的是并列句,不能用whom代替them。
例2去掉and,就必须用whom代替them构成定语从句。
It was last night that the terrible fire broke
out.
析:这里是“It was+被强调部分+that... ”构成的强调句型,故连接词不用when。
You’d better make a mark at where you have any questions.
析:此句应去掉at , 因为该句为where 引导的地点状语从句。
七、忽略as引导的定语从句
在中学英语中,as引导的定语从句必须掌握以下两个要点:
1. 用在the same… as和such… as结构中,as做主语或宾语。
例 I have the same mobile phone as you (have).
(as做宾语)
同时,要区分such…as与such…that…的用法,在后者的结构中,that引导状语从句,且在从句中不做成分。
例 He is such a kind man that all of us like him.
(从句主、宾语不缺,故用that,不用as。)
2. as 和 which 虽然都可引导非限制性定语从句,但仍有区别:as 有“正如;就像”之意,而 which 没有;as
引导的非限制性定语从句可置于句首、句中或句末,而 which 只能置于句末; 如果非限制性定语从句是否定句时,只能用 which
引导。
例As is known to us all, Taiwan is part of China. =Taiwan is part of
China, as / which is known to us all.字串9
八、“介词+宾格关系代词”结构中介词的误用与遗漏
当从句中使用的是不及物动词,且关系代词在句子中做宾语时,不及物动词后必须使用介词。介词可以置于关系代词之前,构成“介词+whom(指人),介词+
which(指物)” 结构,也可以用关系副词代替介词+关系代词。但是一些习惯性搭配或短语(如look for/ take care
of/ look after等)中的介词不能与动词分开,属于固定搭配结构,故不能放在关系代词之前。例如:
正:Yesterday I went to the school which my father once worked
in.
正:Yesterday I went to the school where my father once
worked.
正:Yesterday I went to the school in which my father once
worked.上述句子中in +which=where ,即定语从句中介词提前想象。
误:The baby after whom she is looking is very well.
正:The baby(whom/who/that) she is looking after is very
well.
析:定语从句中谓语动词是固定的短语动词look after,介词after不能与动词look分开,因此介词for
不能提到关系代词前面。
九、丢掉定语从句的先行词
定语从句必须有先行词,否则就不是定语从句。
误:Is this farm we visited last week?
正:Is this farm the one we visited last week?或Is this the farm we
visited last week?
析:该句中定语从句就缺少先行词,将句子还原为陈述句:①This farm is ____we visited last
week.显然应加上the one作先行词。②This is the farm we visited last week.
此句中the farm为先行词,须加定冠词the。由此可见,学会分析句型是解决问题的关键。
误:This shop is that sells many kinds of mobile phones.
正:This shop is the one that sells many kinds of mobile
phones.
析:该句中定语从句缺少先行词,显然应加上the one作先行词。可改为This is the shop that….
理由同上。
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