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Teaching Plan of Unit 13
The water planet

Tasks which should be achieved in this unit:
a. Achieve language skills and related knowledge about the topic of water and the ocean.
b. Learn how to make suggestions and how to express opinions.
  The water is being used to /for….
  We should/ could….
  If we …, we can ….
  It would be better to …
c. Vocabulary in this unit:
  benefit, disadvantage, range, available, pure, mass, float, absorb, stable, bottom;
d. Useful expressions:
 benefit from, range from … to…., all the way, be made up of, that is, freezing point, break down, mix with, be measured in…, take advantage of…, keep … steady, manage to do.
e. Grammar:
  Review Modal Verbs.
情态动词can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, can’t 等的用法。
  1) can /could
Jin can speak English well. (ability)
Could you please show me the way to Beihai Park? (request)
  2) may /might
May we see the awards for the teams? (permission; request)
She might give you some new clothing. (possibility)
  3) will /would
    The Spring Festival is the most fun. The whole family will come for dinner. (promise; agreement)
    Often he would dress up like a rich man. (past habit; custom)
  4) shall /should
    The harvest festival begins on Saturday. We shall be there with our friends. (promise; agreement)
     You should arrive at the airport two hours before he goes. (advice)
   5) must /can’t
     Wang Feng wins an award every year. He must be very strong (speculation)
      You must be joking. That can’t be true. (guessing)

Teaching procedure:
Period 1.
Contents: Warming up & reading comprehension
Step 1.Warming up
Aim: Make students get to know something about water.
Step 2. Pre-reading
1.Show some pictures of making electricity, irritating in agriculture, transport by ships, etc,.
2. group work:
How is the water being used?
Step 3. While-reading
1.Scanning: Ss read scan the bold words in the passage and understand the structure of the passage.
How many parts are there in the passage?
2.Ss read and get the main ideas of each part.
Part 1(para1):  the properties of water;
Part2(Para2):  chemical structure of water---H2O
Part3(Para3):  salinity----- the percentage of salt.
Part4(Para4):  Density
Part5(Para5):  heat capacity
Part6(Para6-7) Ocean motion
Step 4. After-reading
    Finish the post-reading Ex on P21.
Step 5. Assignment
1. surf the internet and get more information about water and ocean using search engines like yahoo or baidu. ( or just input the key words like Jules Verne into the address column of IE)
2. discussion:
What will you prepare for writing an explanation of corals?
   After discussion, work out an outline.
Period 2.
Contents: difficulties in the passage.
Step 1. Warming up
  Ask some Ss to present their homework.
Step 2. Learning about the language:
  Play the tape for students to follow.
 Teacher explain some language points in the text on page 19--20.
1. Who benefits from using water in this way?
Benefit…from/ by…
This song reminds me of France.
Remind me to answer the letter.
I reminded her that the book would cost her much.
  2. Life in the oceans ranges from the tiniest plankton all the way to giant like sharks and whales.
Range from… to…/ range between …. And…. 意为“从。。。。到。。。不等；在一定的范围内变化”，例如：
Temperatures here range from 10 to 30 degrees centigrade.
Prices range between ￡7 and ￡10.
His interests ranged from chess to canoeing.
3. The two hydrogen atoms form a polar molecule, that is, one with a slightly positive end and one with a slightly negative end.
That is 用作插入8，意为“那就是，即”
My birthday is a week later, that is, March 1st.
John is a New Yorker, that is , he lives in New York.
4. The nutrients in whatever falls into the ocean will quickly become available to other living creatures.
Whatever 引导名词性从句作宾语。
Tell me whatever is troubling you.
She is always succeeds in whatever she tries.
5. Marine animals and plants take advantage of the density of water.
Take advantage of  “利用，欺骗”
Taking advantage of his friends, Mr. Li was scolded.
He always takes advantage of mistakes made by others.
Step 3. Practice
Ss finish on page 14 by themselves and then check the answers.
Step 4. Assignment
1. Learn the useful expressions by heart.
2. Finish  Ex1 –3 on page 96-97 on WB
3. read the whole passage aloud.
Period 3.
Contents: Grammar; talking and speaking
Step 1. Revision
 Check the answers of  Ex 1 – 3 on page 96-97.
Step 2. Review Modal Verbs.
1 情态动词的语法特征
　1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
　2） 情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
　3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
　4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
　
2 比较can 和be able to
1）can/could 表示能力；可能 （过去时用could）, 只用于现在式和过去式（could）。be able to可以用于各种时态。例如：
　   They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用be able to的情况：
　   a. 位于助动词后。
　   b. 情态动词后。
　   c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
　   d. 用于句首表示条件。
　   e. 表示成功地做了某事时，用was/were able to，不能用could。例如：
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。
注意：could有时不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。例如：
　　 --- Could I have the television on? 我能看电视吗？
　　 --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以/不可以。
2）在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如：
　　 He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。　
3 比较may和might
1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。例如：
　　May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！
　　He might be at home. 他可能在家。
注意：might 表示推测时，不表示时态，只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语：may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。例如：
　　　If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况确实如此，我们不妨试一试。
典型例题
　  Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
 A. must　　 B. may　  C. can　  D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may。此句意可从后半句推出。
4 比较have to和must 
1） 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。例如：
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.　
弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。（客观上需要做这件事）
　　He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2）　have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如：
He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。
3） 否定结构中：don't have to表示"不必"，mustn't表示"禁止"。例如：
　　 You don't have to tell him about it.　你不一定要把此事告诉他。
　　 You mustn't tell him about it.　　　　你不得把这件事告诉他。
5 must表示推测
　1） must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
　2） must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。例如：
　　　You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
　　　He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
　    比较：He must be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里。
　　　　　　He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。
　3） must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。例如：
　　 I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.　我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
　4） must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。例如：
　　---Why didn't you answer my phone call? 为何不接我的电话？
　　---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.唉，肯定在睡觉，所以没有听见。
　5） 否定推测用can't。例如：
　　 If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.　如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
6 表示推测的用法
　   can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形，表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。例如：
　　 I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪儿，可能在武汉。
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时，表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。例如：
　　 At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时，想必我们老师正在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时，表示对过去情况的推测。例如：
　　 The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时，表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。例如：
　　 Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。例如：
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
　　 注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。
 7 情态动词+ have +过去分词
1） may（might） have + done sth, can （could） have + done sth　表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。例如：
　　Philip may （might） have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 菲力浦可能在车祸中受了重伤。
　　Philip can （could） have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2） must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，
"谅必"的意思。例如：
　  ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. 琳达已经去上班了，但她的单车还在这儿。
　  ---She must have gone by bus.肯定乘巴士去的。
3） ought to have done sth, should have done sth表示本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。例如：
　　You ought to （should） have been more careful in this experiment. 你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。
　　He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.他不该把旧衣服扔了。（事实上已扔了。）
　　ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4） needn't have done sth表示本没必要做某事，但做了。例如：
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
 旅行时，我衣服穿得较多，其实没有必要。那时天很热。
5） would like to have done sth表示本打算做某事，但没做。例如：　
　　I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 我想读这篇文章，但太忙了一直没读。
8   should 和ought to
除了上述的用法，两者还可表示"想必一定，按理应该"的意思。例如：
I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水，想必也能维持了。
It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧。
They should be there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了。
The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。
9 had better表示"最好"，相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。例如：
　　It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. 天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。
　　She'd better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那条狗。
　　had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。例如：
　　You had better have come earlier. 你本该来得早一点。
10 would rather表示"宁愿"
　  would rather do
　  would rather not do
　  would rather… than…　 宁愿…而不愿。
　  还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。例如：
　  If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 如果有选择的余地，我宁可辍学离开这个学校。
　  I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 我宁愿呆在这儿，而不愿回家。
典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?　　　　　
 A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。
11 will和would
　注意：1）would like；would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。例如：
　　　   Would you like to go with me? 想和我一块去吗？
　      2）Will you…?　Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。例如：
　　     Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吧。
　      3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
　　     Won't you sit down? 你不坐下吗？
12 情态动词的回答方式
问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you…? Yes, I must. No, I needn't
Must you…?　  No, I don't have to.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?
　　   ---Yes, of course, you____.　
 A. might　 B. will　  C. can　  D. should
　    答案C. could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it?
　　---No, you ___. I've told him already.　　
　  A. needn't　　 B. wouldn't　　 C. mustn't　　 D. shouldn't
　  答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't　不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
　 ---______.
 A. I don't　  B.　I won't　  C. I can't　 D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。
 13 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to （=must）, be able to，为六个。它们的疑问、否定形式应予以注意：
　 Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
　 She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
　 You ought not to have told her all about it.
　 Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
　 ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.　
A. have told　 B. tell　 C. be telling　 D. having told
　  答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用have told。
14 比较need和dare
　  这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1） 实义动词：need（需要, 要求）  need + n. / to do sth
2） 情态动词：need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。例如：
　　 Need you go yet? 你要走了吗？
　　 Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.是的，我要走了/不，不急着走。
2. Ss do the grammar ex. On p21-22 to see if they can use the modal verbs correctly.
3. More exercises to consolidate the Grammar.
 .EX1—2 on page 98-99 of WB.
Step 3. Talking
1. Ss four in one group and have a discussion about the topics on page 96.
2. Ss make  notes  during the discussion, and try to report the topic to the whole class.
Step 4. Speaking
Learn how to make suggestions and how to express opinions.
  The water is being used to /for….
  We should/ could….
  If we …, we can ….
  It would be better to …
 5. Assignment
Writing on page 94.
Period 4.
Contents: Integrating skills:
Step 1. Warming up
      Ask Ss to scan the passage and raise some questions:
Explain some difficulties if necessary:
Step 2. Reading
1. Ss read the passage :
2. Help Ss to understand the passage entirely.
Step 3. Writing
Finish the writing task on p 24.
You can give Ss some strategies for writing a short essay, or give them an outline if necessary.
Period 5.
(Listening)
Step 1. Listening
1. Ss finish the listening task on page 18.
2 . Ss listen to the tape again and check the answers.
Step 2. dealing with the Ex 1—4 on p 95 of Workbook.
Step 3. Listening skills
     Give the students some tips on how to improve listening while checking the Ex.
a. make notes while listening;
b. grasp the most important information;
c. take some notes while listening.
Step 4. listen and reading:
     First listen and then read the passage on p99.
Period 6.
Revision:
Go over the important points in this unit once again, and give Ss some additional reading materials if possible.
 Period 7.
Teachers can use this period freely.
Suggestion:  Teachers can use this period to let Ss sum up what they have learned and explain what Ss couldn’t understand very well in this unit. Teachers can also add more practice in this period to consolidate what the Ss have learned. Finally, ask the Ss to finish Assessing on page 101. It is very important to improve their learning and let them have a sense of achieving gradually.