Unit2
be made of  由。。。组成，由。。。构成              depend on  取决于，视。。。而决定
consist of  由。。。组成，由。。。构成               care about  关注，关心，在意，担心
pick up  拿起，捡起                             differ from  不同，不同于
lift up  拿起，捡起                              turn into  （使）变成
contribute to  是。。。的成因之一
take control of  控制，取得对。。。的控制

词汇和辨析
invent
create/discover/invent/find/find out
1 create “创作，创造，产生”，含有“营造”的意味，不一定有探索研究的成分。
 His behaviour create a bad impression.
2 discover 常指发现自然界中本来早已存在的事物，尤其指首次发现
 Madame Cuire discovered the element of radium.
3 invent 指自然界中原本不存在，但经过探索研究而发明创造出来的，意为“发明，创造”。
 Edison invented electric light.
4 find 意为“发现，找到”多指寻找，多表示结果。
 I can’t find my cell phone.
5 find out “发现，查明，弄清楚”，常含有经过思考，计算，推理或调查得出的结果。
 Please go and find out when the train leaves.

effective
effective 有效的
[拓展] effect 的用法
      effect vt.影响
      effect n. 效果，作用；影响；结果，后果
      have a good /bad effect on 对。。。产生好/坏的影响
      in effect 生效

confuse
confuse (1)使糊涂，使迷惑；(2)混淆，搞错；后常接介词with; (3)搞乱，使混乱
confused  -ed 强调所处的状态，“感到。。。”
confusing  -ing 强调事物的性质，“令人。。。”
类似这样的形容词还有：
excited 感到兴奋的               exciting 令人兴奋的
frightened 感到害怕的             frightening 令人害怕的
interested 感兴趣的               interesting 有趣的
worried 焦虑的                  worrying 令人担心的

[辨析]be made up/be made from/be made into/consist of
1 be made of 由。。。制成（一般表面可看出原材料）
eg The desk is made of wood.

2 be made from 由。。。制成（表面看不出原材料）
eg The wine is made from grapes.
3 be made into 把。。。制成，指把材料制成成品
eg Cotton can be made into cloth.
4 consist of 由。。。组成，可用be made up of 代替
eg The House of Commons consist of 658 memebers.

sometimes 是一个表示频率的副词。Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.
sometime 指一个不明确的时间，（过去或将来）某时。I brought it sometime last spring.
some time 名词短语，一段时间。It’ll take some time to finish reading the novel.
some times 表示“次数，倍数，回数”，其中的time是可数名词。
I can’t remember it if you don’t repeat it some times more.

pick&lift
pick
      up  拾起，捡起；恢复（健康）或天气好转；（跌倒后）站起来；（不刻意）获得；让人搭便车；收听（广播）;用较少钱买到
     
out  选择；分辨出；领出

lift up 拿起；举起

关于come 的相关短语
come from 来自，出生于       come along 跟着来；过来         come at 袭击
come after 跟在。。。后面       come near 走近              come into being 形成，产生
come down 下来；落败        come out 出来；开花         come to 共计；达到
come back 回来               come to sb. 去某人那里       come true 变为现实
come up to 达到               come to a word 碰到一个词    come to know 逐渐认识
come into use 开始使用        come into effect/force 生效
come up 上楼；（从土中）长出；发芽；被提出
come into power = come into office 上任
come across sb = run across = meet…by chance   偶然碰到
come to oneself= come back to life 苏醒

result
      result in 结果是。。。，终归，导致
      result from 因。。。而引起，起因于。。。
      as a result 结果（表示结果）
      as a result of 因。。。的原因(表示原因)
in result 结果，结局

replace = take the place of 代替，取代
        in the first place (用于列举理由等)首先；第一；（= firstly）
        in one’s place 在。。。的处境（地位）
        in place of sb./sth.(= instead of sb./sth.)代替，取代，某人（物）
        out of place 不在适当的位置上
        in place 在适当的位置上

despite
despite作介词，意为“尽管（有某种情况）”。与in spite of 的意义及用法完全相同，可互换。

[辨析]rise/raise/arise
1 rise 是不及物动词，使用较广，可指太阳，月亮，物价，数量，地位，河水等“升起，增长，上升，发源”，还可指人“起床，起立”等。rise 的过去式为rose ,过去分词为risen.
eg The sun rises above the horizon.
  The river is rising fast.
  Prices are rising steadily.
  She rose quickly from her seat.
  The total output rose by 15 per cent.
  He has risen to the position of manager.
  He rises very early in the morning.
2 raise 表示“提高，举起，抚养，筹募”，可指工资，数量，价格，容量，地位，名誉，声誉等“增长，增加，上涨，加大，提高”，也指提高政治觉悟，生活水平，是及物动词，可用于被动语态。
eg He was raised from clerk to manager.
  The boy was risen in a poor family.
  I planed to raise funds to set up a school.
3 arise 是不及物动词，表示“出现，发生，起因于”，过去式微arose ,过去分词位arisen.
eg An accident ususlly arise from carelessness.
  Doubt arose in her.
  New problem arise every day.

while 的用法归纳

[辨析]adopt和adapt
     adopt 采取，采用；收养，领养；正式通过，接受
     adapt 使适应，使适合；修改，改编
     adapt sth.for sth.. 改变某事物以便在不同情况下运用
     adapt to 适应

end
[辨析]at the end of / by he end of / in the end of
1 at the end of 接时间段，用过去完成时；接时间点，用一般将来时
2 by the end of 接过去时间点，用过去完成时；接将来时间点，用将来完成时
3 in the end of 最后，终于，终究

Word
have a word with sb. 与。。。交谈                        break one’s words 失信
in a word 总之                                       keep one’s words 守信
in other words 换句话说                               word come that 有消息传来
beyond words 无法用于眼形容

instead
   instead  单独使用，在句中做状语
   instead of  后面跟名词，代词，动名词等
eg Instead,we are going to have tea in the garden.
  We are going to have tea in the garden instead of in the house.

represent
represent 代表，象征，作为。。。的代表或代理人
      represent oneself as / to be 自称是，声言
      represent sth.(to do) 向。。。说明，阐述，表达
      represent sth。。。代表。。。，代理。。。
      representative  可数名词，意为“代表”
eg He represent himself as an expert in English.
  Let me try representing my idea to you in another way.
  He represented our school at the meeting.

depend on
depend on 作“依靠，信任”解，根据上下文意思，还可译为取决于

look into
look into （1）注视。。。的内部，往。。。里面看；（2）调查，检查
look out =watch out ,take care 当心，注意          look about 四处察看，考察
look back 记起，回想                          look down on 轻视
look for 寻找                                 look forward to 期待，盼望 ，，                            

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