比较鉴别学“名词性从句”

作者：董藏芝

　　名词性从句具有名词的功能。名词能够作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。因此当一个从句做主语、宾语、表语、同位语时，那么它们就分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
　　引导名词性从句的连词有：
　　（1） 连接代词：who / whichever / whatever / whoever / whomever / that / what / whose / which ...
　　（2） 连接副词： when / where / why / how / whenever / wherever / however ...
　　（3） 其他连词： if / whether / as if / as though / because / ....
　　为了使学生们迅速掌握名词性从句，下面通过比较、鉴别的途径讲解各种从句的应用。
　　
　　一、 主语从句的特例及注意事项： （判断正误）
　　1. ① That the earth goes around the sun is known to us.
　　② The earth goes around the sun is known to us.
　　2. ① What he told me is true.
　　② That he told me is true.
　　3. ① Whether he will succeed is not sure.
　　② If he will succeed is not sure.
　　4. ① Why he didn’t attend the meeting isn’t clear to us.
　　②Because he didn’t attend the meeting isn’t clear to us.
　　5. ① It is strange that he should fail in the exam.
　　② This is strange that he should fail in the exam.
　　6. ① It is known that paper was first made in China.
　　② That is known that paper was first made in China.
　　Keys: 1—6正确的均为①。
　　解析：
　　1. 当主语从句作主语时，其句意表达完整，不需要用what、when、how、why等连词连接时就要“that”来引导，此时“that”没有实际意思，只起引导主语从句的作用。
　　2. “what”引导主语从句时，在句子中做动词tell的直接宾语；而“that”在主语从句中不做成分。
　　3. “whether”的意思是“是否”，能引导主语从句；而“if”是“如果”的意思，虽也可表示“是否”，但不能引导主语从句。
　　4. “why”的意思是“为什么”，能引导主语从句；而“because”是“因为”的意思，它不能引导主语从句。
　　5 / 6. 由“it”作形式主语，而把主语从句放在了主句的后面。
　　
　　二、宾语从句的特例及注意事项： （判断正误）
　　1. ① It is unwise to give a child whatever he / she wants.
　　② It is unwise to give a child no matter what he / she wants.
　　2. ① I don’t know whether or not he is ready to help us.
　　② I don’t know if or not he is ready to help us.
　　3. ① What do you suppose he means?
　　② Do you suppose he means?
　　4. ① You can’t imagine how excited they were when they received the nice gifts.
　　② You can’t imagine how they were excited when they received the nice gifts.
　　5. ① The question of whether they are old or young is of great importance.
　　② The question of if they are old or young is of great importance.
　　6. ① She said （that） he had been to Beijing twice and that she had made some good friends.
　　② She said （that） he had been to Beijing twice and she had made some good friends.
　　7. ① I wonder when they will go out to go shopping.
　　② I wonder when will they go out to go shopping.
　　8. ① I don’t know whether he will come here.
　　② I don’t know if he will come here.
　　③ If he will come here I don’t know.
　　9. ① I like it when he is willing to help me.
　　② Your success depends on whether you work hard.
　　③ Don’t take it for granted that he is an honest person.
　　④ See to it that you turn off the lights when you leave the room.
　　Keys: 1—7正确的是①，8正确的是①和②，9的选项都正确。
　　解析：
　　1. 名词性从句中不能用no matter + who / what ... 等来引导，在状语从句中-ever及no matter ... 可互换。
　　2. “whether or not”为固定搭配。
　　3. 特殊疑问词 + do you think / do you suppose / do you imagine ... + 陈述语序的句子。例如：Who do you suppose she is?
　　4. “how”为副词，其后要紧跟形容词或副词。
　　5. 介词后面的宾语从句含有“是否”之意时，用“whether”引导宾语从句，不能用“if”。
　　6.当一个动词后有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个宾语从句前的“that”可有可无，但第二个及其后的宾语从句的前面的“that”不可省去。
　　7. 宾语从句的语序为陈述语序。例如：I don’t know who he is.
　　8. 宾语从句缺少“是否”之意时，whether及if都可以引导宾语从句，但在宾语从句提前时，只能由“whether”引导。

9. ①②③④都正确。“it”在四个句子中作形式宾语。
　　
　　三、表语从句的特例及注意事项：（判断正误）
　　1. ① My question is whether he is a true friend.
　　② My question is if he is a true friend.
　　2. ① The reason why he didn’t pass the exam is that he didn’ t work hard.
　　② The reason why he didn’t pass the exam is because he didn’ t work hard.
　　3. ① He didn’t tell me the news. That is because he didn’t hear it either.
　　② He didn’t tell me the news. That is why he didn’t hear it either.
　　4. ① He didn’t hear the news. That is why he didn’t tell it to me.
　　② He didn’t hear the news. That is because he didn’t tell it to me.
　　Keys: 1—4均为“①”正确。
　　解析：
　　1. 表语只能由“whether”引导的从句充当，用“if”则不能。
　　2. The reason why ... is that ... 为固定句型，不能用The reason why ... is because ... 句式。
　　3． because及why都能引导表语从句。beause“因为”，why“为什么”，因此要根据句意来选。
　　4. 与3的解释相同。
　　四、同位语从句的特例及注意事项：（判断正误）
　　同位语从句跟在名词后面，进一步说明该名词的具体内容。常接同位语从句的名词主要有： fact, news, promise, idea, truth, suggestion, belief, order, information ... 连接词只能用that，偶尔可以省略。
　　1. ① The fact that he is an honest person is correct.
　　② The fact which he is an honest person is correct.
　　2. ① I have no idea whether I could spare a few minutes.
　　② I have no idea if I could spare a few minutes.
　　Keys: 1-2均为“①”正确。
　　解析：
　　1. “that he is an honest person”为同位语从句，用来解释fact的内容；此时不能用which引导同位语从句。
　　2. “whether I could spare a few minutes” 这个句子有人认为是同位语从句，有人认为是宾语从句。本编辑部考虑到，若把have any idea和have no idea之后的从句视为同位语从句，会与其它同位语从句混为一谈，以为所有同位语从句除可以用that引导之外，还可以用when, where, how, why连接，那就大错特错了。迄今为止，还没有语法书说同位语从句可用when, where, why, how, who来引导的，因为同位语从句的引导词that在句中没有任何意义，只起连接作用，而上述几个疑问词是有意义的。所以我们同意把have any idea和have no idea之后的从句视为宾语从句。根据词典，have any idea意为know, have no idea意为 do not know，所以把这两个短语动词之后的从句视为宾语从句是合情合理的。