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    在新课标·人教版·英语①第一单元的Warming up中有这样一句话“tell him/her that he/she should have studied,…” 意为“本该好好学习而没有学”。英语②第一单元Reading中有这样一句话 “Frederick William Ⅰ, the king of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history.” 意为“（过去）绝不可能想到”　这是“情态动词＋have done”结构，是高考中的一个常见的考点，如：

1 She ___ have left school. For her bike is still here.(天津·６)

A. can’t        B. wouldn’t        C. shouldn’t        D. needn’t

2 –I can’t find my purse anywhere.

  –You ___ have lost it while shpping.(重庆·３０)

A. may           B. can              C. should            D. would

3 What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he ___ better.(江西·２６)

A. need have done                    B. must have done

C. can have done                     D. might have done

析：１A.can’t have done sth 表示：“不可能做了某事”，对过去的否定推测，把握较大。２A. may have done sth 表示：“可能做了某事”，对过去情况的推测，把握较小。３D, might have done sth 表示：“本来可能…”，指实际上没有发生的事。

下面笔者就将“情态动词”结构的用法做一小结。

1 （1） “can/could +have done”的疑问形式和否定形式表示对过去所发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如：

a. I saw Mr. Zhang just now and he couldn’t have gone to Beijing.

b. She can’t have read about the explosion. She didn’t know anything about it.

(2)“could + have done” 也可用于肯定句，表示“可能已经…”的意思。此外，还可表示过去没有实现的可能性，意为“本来可以（可能）… ”。如：

a. You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.

b. -I stayed at a hotel while in New York.

  -Oh, did you? You could have stayed with Barbara.

2 “must + have done” 只用于肯定句中，表示对过去情况的肯定推测，意为“想必，准是，一定”。如：

a. It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.

b. You must have gone to bed late last night. Your eyes are red.

3 “may/might + have done” 一般只用于肯定句或否定句，不用于疑问句，表示对过去情况不肯定的推测，意为“也许已经…”。 “ might +have done” 还可以用来表示“本来可能…”，

但实际上没有发生的事。如：

a. It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed.

b. They might not have considered me as their friend.

c. you might have told me about your illness.

4 “need + have done”通常用于否定句或疑问句中，表示不必做得事情却做了。如：

a. You needn’t have told her the news, for I had told her earlier.

b. There was plenty of time; she needn’t have hurried.

5 “should/ought to + have done” 表示“本该做某事而没做” “shouldn’t/ ought not to + have done”表示“本不该做的事情却做了”。 如：

A. You failed again. You should have done it much better.

B. You should not climbed that hill. You might have killed yourself.

6 “would rather +have done”意为“当时宁愿做了某事”。 “would rather not have done”表示相反的含义，两者都有“后悔”之意。如：

a. I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.

b. I would rather have refused his offer.

7 “had better + have done” 用于事后的建议，含有轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”。其否定形式 “had better not have done”表示相反的含义。如：

a. You’d better have started earlier.

b. You’d better not have scolded her.

练习

1. I have lost one of my gloves. I____it somewhere.                 (2005·北京)

   A. must drop                        　　B. must have dropped

   C. must be dropping　　　　　　　　　 　D. must have been dropped

2. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday, I ____ the trouble to carry my umbrella with

me.                                                                 (2006·江西)

   A. should have taken                    B. could have taken

   C. needn’t have taken　　　　　  　　　D. mustn’t have taken

3. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I ____ have driven her there.  (2007·陕西)

   A. could           B. must              C. might 　　　　　D. should

4. We __have proved great adventures, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years.                                                         (2005·天津)

   A. needn’t                             B. may not

   C. shouldn’t                           D. mustn’t

5. As you worked late yesterday, you __ have come this morning.             (2006·陕西)

   A. needn’t                             B. mayn’t

   C. can’t                               D. mustn’t

6. I was really anxious about you. You __ home without a word.

   A. mustn’t leave                       B. shouldn’t have left

   C. couldn’t have left                  D. needn’t leave

7. – How did you do on the test?

    - Not so well. I __ much better but I misread the directions for the part F.

   A. could do                             B. could have done

   C. must have done                       D. should do

8. – Wake up, Peter. Time to rise.

   - I__ asleep while I was reading.

   A. must fall                             B. could fall

   C. should have fallen                    D. must have fallen

9.  –Finally I got to my grandmother’ home on foot.

    -Really? You __ a ride there.

   A. must have taken                      B. could have taken

   C. shouldn’t have taken                D. couldn’t have taken

10. You __ to the lecture if you are going to the hospital to take care of your uncle.

    A. needn’t have come                  B. don’t need come

    C. don’t need coming                  D. needn’t come

答案：

１.B  ２.C  ３.D   4.B   5.A   6.B   7.B   8.D  9.B  10.D