宾语从句与中考
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句,它内容完整,句型结构较为复杂,主句和从句时态搭配要求严格,在中考试题中频频出现,全国各地中考题中均能见到它的踪影。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。学习宾语从句并不难,只要你能过好下面的三道关:
第一关,选好连接词(也有人叫关联词)。引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类,但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。
①连词that:只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如:
1)He knew (that) he
should work hard.
2)I am glad (that)
you’ve passed
the exam.
②连词whether或if:它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if。例如:
3)Do you
know whether
he will ride
here at
8 tomorrow
morning?
4)Tom didn’t
know
if/whether
his grandpa
liked the present.
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如:
5)He asked
me whether
or not I
was
coming.他问我是否要来。(该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用。)
③连接代词who,whom ,whose,what,
which:它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义。例如:
6)The teacher
asked the new
student which
class he was
in?(which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”。)
7)Can you
tell me whom
he is waiting
for?
④连接副词when,where,
why,how:起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义。例如:
8)I wonder
where he got
so much
money.对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。(where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里;什么地方”。)
9)He didn’t
tell me how
old his
friend
was.(how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样;如何”等意。)
第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其他”。这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如:
10)You must
remember what
your teacher
said.
11)—Dad,do you
know when
the football
game will
start?
—In half an
hour.
12)汉译英:你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁?误:Can
you tell
me who(m)
do
we have
to
see?正:Can
you
tell
me who(m)
we have to
see?错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句,如What
time does the
plane arrive
in Paris?就顺口说出“Do
you know what
time does the
plane arrive
in
Paris?”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了,我们不久就习惯于说“Do
you know
what
time the
plane arrives
in Paris?”了。
第三关,注意时态的呼应。宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如:
13)汉译英:我原以为你今天有空的。误:I
thought (that) you are
free today.
正:I thought
(that) you would
be free
today. 错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有
today,但因为主句谓语是thought,所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would
be了。这种时态的呼应,如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制。如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时(即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)。例如:
14)He thought he was working for the
people.
15)I heard she had been to the Great
Wall.
16)John hoped that he would find a job
soon.
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化。例如:
17)The teacher told us that the earth moves
around the sun.
热身训练
1.He asked
me ____
during the
winter holidays
.
A. where I
had gone B.
where I had
been C.
where had I
gone D.
where had I
been
2. Have you
decided ____ Canada
?
A. when will
you
leave B.
when you will
leave C. when
are you
leaving
D. when you
leaving
3. Excuse me , sir . Could
you tell me ____
? A.
where I can
find the
toilet B.
where can I
find the