在世界数学发展的转折关头,是犹豫观望,止步不前;还是奋发图强,弯道超车?
(2018-10-15 10:24:34)在世界数学发展的转折关头,是犹豫观望,止步不前;还是奋发图强,弯道超车?
袁萌
附:美国Joel A. Tropp研究论文“无穷小:历史与应用”第一章第1.1节的内容
Innitesimals: History & Application
1.1. Overview(概观)
Innitesimals have enjoyed an extensive and scandalous history. Almost as soon as the Pythagoreans suggested the concept 2500 years ago, Zeno proceeded to drown it in paradox. Nevertheless, many mathematicians continued to use innitesimals until the end of the 19th century because of their intuitive appeal in understanding continuity. When the foundations of calculus were formalized by Weierstrass, et al. around 1872, they were banished from mathematics. As the 20th century began, the mathematical community ocially regarded innitesimals as numerical chimeras, but engineers and physicists continued to use them as heuristic aids in their calculations. In 1960, the logician Abraham Robinson discovered a way to develop a rigorous theory of innitesimals. His techniques are now referred to as Nonstandard Analysis, which is a small but growing eld in mathematics. Practioners have found many intuitive, direct proofs of classical results. They have also extended mathematics in new directions, which may eventually result in fruitful discoveries.