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翻译技巧:特殊句式的翻译

(2007-09-14 19:59:12)
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学习公社

 

一、比较结构的类型

从语法上讲,有以下几种结构可以比较:
  1) 如果要表达人与人、事物与事物之间是相似的,就可以用as 或是 like。此外,so do I, neither / nor do I 等也表示相似。
  2) 当要表达的事物之间在某一方面一样时,可用 as…as…(后接形容词或副词)和 as much / many…as…(后接名词或动词)结构。
  3) 表达事物之间差别的结构可采用 more (…than) 或 less (…than),后可接形容词、副词、动词或名词。但要注意的是 more…than 还可译作“与其说……,不如说……”,在这种结构里,more + 形容词(或副词)并不构成比较结构。另外还要注意的是,在 more…than 以后的英语虽然是肯定的,但译成中文必须是否定的。
二、比较结构的翻译
  实际上,英语的比较结构比较复杂,阅读时应注意英汉两种语言在表达上的差异。
 1. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
  译文:鲸不是鱼,正如马不是鱼一样。
 2. A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.
  译文:鲸是哺乳动物,正如马是哺乳动物一样。
 3. Much as she loved her cat, we may imagine that she was more horror than grief-stricken at her discovery.
  译文:尽管她很爱那只猫,但是我们可以想象,当她发现那只猫的样子时,与其说是伤心至极,不如说是惊恐万分。
 4. Such estimates are little better than guesses.

  译文:这类估算近于猜测。 

 5. “What we take out of the sea is no longer as important as what we do not put into it,” said a noted underwater explorer, describing how pollution of sea-life cycles ultimately threatened even terrestrial respiration.
  译文:一位著名的海底探险家在说明海洋生物界的污染最终甚至会对陆地生物的呼吸产生威胁时指出,“现在我们不往海里倾倒什么,已经比我们从海洋中捞取什么更为重要了。”
 6. Tapping the new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America to undertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that is truly humane.
  译文:为了发扬这种新的精神,在这一新的开端开始之际,对美国来说,最崇高和最有雄心勃勃的任务是帮助建立一个真正人道、正义、和平的世界。
 7. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
  译文:人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论,其原因主要不在于外界对历史学是否是一门严格意义上的学问提出质疑,而在于历史学家内部的相互争吵。
 8. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
译文:但我们很少认识到,工作在心理健康方面给予我们的决定生活是充实还是空虚的那种难以察觉、但至关重要的东西有多少。
  9. The aims of our present-day culture are avowedly ease and material well being: shorter hours; a shorter week; more return for less accomplishment; more soft-soap excuses and fewer honest, realistic demands.
  译文:我们当代文明承认的目标就是追求舒适和物质享受:每天的工作时间越来越短;每周的工作日越来越少;以少的成就换取多的报酬;姑息宽容的理由越多,正当而又实际的要求就越少。
 10. Marriage has never been more popular and desirable than it is now——so appealing in fact, that even those who are in the process of divorce can scarcely wait for the law to allow them to marry again.
  译文:婚姻从未像现在这样受大众欢迎,为大众所渴望。事实上,婚姻是如此地吸引人,以至那些正在办理离婚手续的人,几乎等不到法律的判决,就想再度结婚了。
改动六:倒装句的翻译

倒装句的翻译

了强调句子的某些部分,或是为了保持句子平衡,英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来,倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候,既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译,也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置,以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。
  1. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.
  译文:只有很好地掌握了语法知识,写出来的东西才会正确。
  2. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.
  译文:他刚开始讲,听众就打断了他的话。
  3. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
  译文:她在排演中搞得太过分,以致两名男演员退出不干了。

  4. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.
  译文:我虽然见多识广,但还从未见过比她细心的人,不管什么职业。
  5. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.
  译文:植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。
  6. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.
  译文:我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
7. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.。
  译文:1980年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。
 8. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.
  译文:从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车,车上坐着学校最著名的人物。
  9. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
  译文:例如,它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公,因此不能说明一个贫困青年,要是在比较有利的境况下长大,会有多大才干。
  10. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.
  译文:不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄,婴儿的出生数量增加了,这同样起了作用。

分割结构的翻译
  语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中,分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如,英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联,它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是,在有些情况下,或是为了保持句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻;或是为了语义严密,结构紧凑,在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。此外,还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔;某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔;动词与其宾语被分隔;介词与其宾语被分隔等等。总之,英语的分割应遵循尾重原则(应把长而复杂的成分放在句末,使结构匀称)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息,即语意重点放在句末)。同时,在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。
  1. A better knowledge of China’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.
  译文:更好地了解中国的文明,将为我们打开一个知识的王国,对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。
  2. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.
  译文:我们首先应考虑的是,坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系——即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。
  3. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.
  译文:象两位老人一生中没有其他什么东西可爱而彼此相爱一样,老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。
  4. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其他两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。
  5. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.
  译文:第二个方面是,社会上的一切成员,从政府部门中任工职的官员到普通公民,都应运用科学家们在研究工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法

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