4.3.2 Gas exchange in the lungs

Outline the gas exchange process between the lungs and the outside world

概述肺与外界的气体交换过程

Outline the gas exchange process between alveoli and blood

概述肺泡与血液的气体交换过程

呼吸，是指机体与外界环境之间气体交换的过程。人的呼吸过程包括三个互相联系的环节：外呼吸，包括肺通气和肺换气；气体在血液中的运输；内呼吸，指组织细胞与血液间的气体交换。

呼吸（词语）_百度百科

https://baike.baidu.com/item/呼吸/783795?fr=aladdin

http://s9/mw690/001qYuU1zy7906f5pgY08&690                         http://s4/mw690/001qYuU1zy79093LOcHf3&690
                                                                    Alveoli [ælˈvi:əlaɪ]  n.小孔，肺泡（ alveolus的名词复数 ）;气泡

                                                                       alveolus英 [ælˈvi:ələs]  n.牙槽;小孔，肺泡;蜂房的巢室

Your Lungs & Respiratory System (for Kids) - KidsHealth 

https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/lungs.html?WT.ac=en-k-slpmsh-k-lt

Breathing air is necessary for keeping humans (and many animals) alive. 

呼吸空气是维持人类(和许多动物)生存的必要条件。

Your lungs make up one of the largest organs in your body, and they work with your respiratory system to allow you to take in fresh air, get rid of stale air, and even talk. 

肺是人体最大的器官之一，它与呼吸系统协同工作，让你吸入新鲜空气，排出污浊的空气，甚至说话。

 [steil] adj. 陈腐的;   不新鲜的;   走了味的; 

Your lungs are in your chest, and they are so large that they take up most of the space in there. You have two lungs, but they aren't the same size the way your eyes or nostrils are. Instead, the lung on the left side of your body is a bit smaller than the lung on the right. This extra space on the left leaves room for your heart.

你的肺在你的胸部，它们太大了，占据了大部分的空间。你有两个肺，但它们不像你的眼睛或鼻孔那样一样大。相反，你身体左边的肺比右边的肺小一点。左边多余的空间是留给心脏的位置。

Your lungs are protected by your rib cage, which is made up of 12 sets of ribs. These ribs are connected to your spine in your back and go around your lungs to keep them safe. Beneath the lungs is the diaphragm (say: DY-uh-fram), a dome-shaped muscle that works with your lungs to allow you to inhale (breathe in) and exhale (breathe out) air.

肺由胸腔保护，胸腔由12组肋骨组成。这些肋骨与背部的脊柱相连，环绕肺部以确保它们的安全。肺的下方是隔膜(说：DY-uh-fram)，这是一块圆顶状的肌肉，与肺合作，让你吸入(吸气)和呼出(呼气)空气。

[rɪb] n. 肋骨;   （船或屋顶等的）肋拱;   肋骨状的东西;   （织物的）凸条花纹;   

You can't see your lungs, but it's easy to feel them in action: Put your hands on your chest and breathe in very deeply. You will feel your chest getting slightly bigger. Now breathe out the air, and feel your chest return to its regular size. You've just felt the power of your lungs!

你看不见自己的肺，但很容易感觉到它们在活动:把手放在胸前，深深地吸气。你会觉得你的胸部变大了一点。现在呼出空气，感觉你的胸部恢复到正常大小。你刚刚感受到了肺部的力量!

A Look Inside the Lungs看看里面的肺

Trachea  [ˈtreɪki:ə]气管      alveoli n.小孔，肺泡（ alveolus的名词复数 ）;气泡

 Bronchus 英 [ˈbrɒŋkəs] n.（尤指肺两侧的）支气管                  bronchiole [ˈbrɔŋkiəul] n. 细支气管;  

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 diaphragm[ˈdaɪəˌfræm] n. <机> 隔板;   <解>横隔膜;  膈肌 <物>光圈;   快门;  adj. 光圈的，隔膜的; 

From the outside, lungs are pink and a bit squishy, like a sponge. But the inside contains the real lowdown on the lungs! At the bottom of the trachea (say: TRAY-kee-uh), or windpipe, there are two large tubes. These tubes are called the main stem bronchi (say: BRONG-kye), and one heads left into the left lung, while the other heads right into the right lung.

从外面看，肺是粉红色的，有点黏糊糊的，像海绵一样。但是里面有肺的真实情况！在气管的底部，有两个大管子。这些管子被称为主干支气管，一个头向左进入左肺，另一个头向右进入右肺。

lowdown [ˈləudaun]  n. <俚>内幕，真相，实情; 

 windpipe [ˈwɪndˌpaɪp] n. 气管;  

Each main stem bronchus (say: BRONG-kuss) — the name for just one of the bronchi — then branches off into tubes, or bronchi, that get smaller and even smaller still, like branches on a big tree. The tiniest tubes are called bronchioles (say: BRONG-kee-oles), and there are about 30,000 of them in each lung. Each bronchiole is about the same thickness as a hair.

每个主支气管(说:BRONG-kuss)--只是其中一个支气管的名字--然后分支成管，或者支气管，变得越来越小，甚至更小，就像一棵大树的树枝。最小的管被称为细支气管，每个肺中大约有30,000个细支气管。每一个细支气管的厚度都和一根头发差不多。

bronchi  [ˈbrɑŋˌkaɪ, -ˌki] n. 支气管;   （尤指肺两侧的）支气管( bronchus的名词复数 );  

 bronchiole [ˈbrɔŋkiəul] n. 细支气管;  

At the end of each bronchiole is a special area that leads into clumps of teeny tiny air sacs called alveoli (say: al-VEE-oh-lie). There are about 600 million alveoli in your lungs and if you stretched them out, they would cover an entire tennis court. Now that's a load of alveoli! Each alveolus (say: al-VEE-oh-luss) — what we call just one of the alveoli — has a mesh-like covering of very small blood vessels called capillaries (say: CAP-ill-er-ees). These capillaries are so tiny that the cells in your blood need to line up single file just to march through them.

在每一个细支气管的末端都有一个特殊的区域，这个区域会形成一团叫做肺泡的微小气囊(说:al-VEE-oh-lie)。你的肺里大约有6亿个肺泡，如果你把它们伸展开来，它们可以覆盖整个网球场。这就是一群肺泡!每个肺泡(说:al-VEE-oh-luss)--我们说每一个肺泡--都覆盖有毛细血管网(说:CAP-ill-er-ees)。这些毛细血管是如此之小，以至于你血液中的细胞需要排成单行才能通过它们。

 [ˈtini ˈtaɪni] adj. 极小的，极细微的;  

capillary英 [kəˈpɪləri]   美 [ˈkæpəleri]  n.毛细管;毛细血管;微管adj.毛细管的;毛状的

All About Inhaling

关于吸气

When you're walking your dog, cleaning your room, or spiking a volleyball, you probably don't think about inhaling (breathing in) — you've got other things on your mind! But every time you inhale air, dozens of body parts work together to help get that air in there without you ever thinking about it.

当你遛狗，打扫房间，或者打排球的时候，你可能不会想到吸气(吸气)——你有其他的事情在想!但每次你吸入空气时，身体的几十个部位都会协同工作，帮助你在不需要思考的情况下将空气吸入体内。

spike英 [spaɪk]n.长钉;细高跟;鞋钉;尖状物vt.加烈酒于;以大钉钉牢;用尖物刺伤;打乱某人的计划

As you breathe in, your diaphragm contracts and flattens out. This allows it to move down, so your lungs have more room to grow larger as they fill up with air. "Move over, diaphragm, I'm filling up!" is what your lungs would say. And the diaphragm isn't the only part that gives your lungs the room they need. Your rib muscles also lift the ribs up and outward to give the lungs more space.

当你吸气时，膈肌收缩并变平。膈肌的下降可以使肺有更多的空间以吸入空气。你的肺会说:“动一动，膈肌，我要吸气了!”膈肌并不是给肺提供所需空间的唯一结构。你的肋间肌也会向上和向外提起肋骨，给肺部更多的空间。

At the same time, you inhale air through your mouth and nose, and the air heads down your trachea, or windpipe. On the way down the windpipe, tiny hairs called cilia (say: SILL-ee-uh) move gently to keep mucus and dirt out of the lungs. The air then goes through the series of branches in your lungs, through the bronchi and the bronchioles.

同时，你通过嘴和鼻子吸入空气，空气就会进入你的气管。在沿着气管下行的过程中，纤毛轻轻地摆动，以防止粘液和灰尘进入肺部。然后空气进入肺部的一系列分支，支气管和细支气管。

trachea [ˈtreɪkiə] n. 气管，导管，螺旋纹管; 

 windpipe [ˈwɪndˌpaɪp] n. 气管;  

 cilia [ˈsɪliə] n. 睫，纤毛;   睫毛，纤毛( cilium的名词复数 

mucus  [ˈmjukəs] n. 粘液;   （动植物的）黏液; 

 bronchiole [ˈbrɔŋkiəul] n. 细支气管;  

 

Thank You, Alveoli!谢谢你,肺泡!

 alveoli n.小孔，肺泡（ alveolus的名词复数 ）;气泡

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The air finally ends up in the 600 million alveoli. As these millions of alveoli fill up with air, the lungs get bigger. Remember that experiment where you felt your lungs get larger? Well, you were really feeling the power of those awesome alveoli!

空气最终进入了6亿个肺泡。随着数以百万计的肺泡充满空气，肺部变得更大。还记得那个让你感觉肺部变大的实验吗？好吧，你真的感受到了那些神奇的肺泡的力量！

http://s12/mw690/001qYuU1zy7seryK6OT3b&690

It's the alveoli that allow oxygen from the air to pass into your blood. All the cells in the body need oxygen every minute of the day. Oxygen passes through the walls of each alveolus into the tiny capillaries that surround it. The oxygen enters the blood in the tiny capillaries, hitching a ride on red blood cells and traveling through layers of blood vessels to the heart. The heart then sends the oxygenated (filled with oxygen) blood out to all the cells in the body.

肺泡使空气中的氧气进入血液。人体的所有细胞每天每分钟都需要氧气。氧气通过每个肺泡的壁进入周围的毛细血管。氧气进入毛细血管的血液，与红细胞结合，穿过各级血管到达心脏。然后心脏把含氧(充满氧气)的血液输送到身体的所有细胞。

hitching a ride on 搭便车，

hitching 英 ['hɪtʃɪŋ]    v.搭乘;搭便车;（免费）搭乘他人之车( hitch的现在分词 );攀上;跃上

                                                                                                            Alveolus  [ælˈvi:ələs]   .牙槽;肺泡;

http://s3/mw690/001qYuU1zy7szSXtkEqe2&690

                               interstitial space英 [ˌintə(:)ˈstiʃəl speis]   美 [ˌɪntɚˈstɪʃəl spes]  细胞间隙

     capillary  [kəˈpɪləri]   美 [ˈkæpəleri]  n.毛细管;毛细血管;微管

Waiting to Exhale 等待呼气

When it's time to exhale (breathe out), everything happens in reverse: Now it's the diaphragm's turn to say, "Move it!" Your diaphragm relaxes and moves up, pushing air out of the lungs. Your rib muscles become relaxed, and your ribs move in again, creating a smaller space in your chest.

当呼气的时候，所有的事情都是反过来的:现在轮到横膈膜说:“动一动!”你的横膈膜舒张并回升，将空气挤出肺部。你的肋骨间肌肉同时放松，肋骨再次回落，使胸廓缩小。

 [rɪb] n. 肋骨;   （船或屋顶等的）肋拱;   肋骨状的东西;   （织物的）凸条花纹;  

reverse英 [rɪˈvɜ:s]   

vt.& vi.（使）反转;（使）颠倒;掉换，交换;[法]撤消，推翻

vi.倒退;[桥牌]逆叫adj.反面的;颠倒的;倒开的;[生]倒卷的n.倒转，反向;[机]回动;倒退;失败

By now your cells have used the oxygen they need, and your blood is carrying carbon dioxide and other wastes that must leave your body. The blood comes back through the capillaries and the wastes enter the alveoli. Then you breathe them out in the reverse order of how they came in — the air goes through the bronchioles, out the bronchi, out the trachea, and finally out through your mouth and nose.

到目前为止，你的细胞已经利用了他们所需要的氧气，而你的血液携带着二氧化碳和其他必须离开你身体的废物。这些血液通过毛细血管回流，废物进入肺泡。然后你按照它们进来的相反顺序把它们呼出--空气进入细支气管，支气管，气管，最后从你的嘴和鼻子里出来。

The air that you breathe out not only contains wastes and carbon dioxide, but it's warm, too! As air travels through your body, it picks up heat along the way. You can feel this heat by putting your hand in front of your mouth or nose as you breathe out. What is the temperature of the air that comes out of your mouth or nose?

你呼出的空气不仅含有废物和二氧化碳，而且也很温暖！当空气通过你的身体时，它会在沿途吸收热量。当你呼气时，把你的手放在嘴或鼻子前面，你可以感觉到这种热量。从嘴里或鼻子里出来的空气温度是多少？

With all this movement, you might be wondering why things don't get stuck as the lungs fill and empty! Luckily, your lungs are covered by two really slick special layers called pleural (say: PLOO-ral) membranes. These membranes are separated by a fluid that allows them to slide around easily while you inhale and exhale.

随着这些动作，你可能会想，肺在充盈和排空时，为什么不会被卡住呢?幸运的是，你的肺被两层非常光滑的特殊膜所覆盖，这两层膜被称为胸膜。这些膜被一种液体隔开，当你吸气和呼气时，液体使它们很容易滑动。

Time for Talk 说话的时候

Your lungs are important for breathing . . . and also for talking! Above the trachea (windpipe) is the larynx (say: LAIR-inks), which is sometimes called the voice box. Across the voice box are two tiny ridges called vocal cords, which open and close to make sounds. When you exhale air from the lungs, it comes through the trachea and larynx and reaches the vocal cords. If the vocal cords are closed and the air flows between them, the vocal cords vibrate and a sound is made.

你的肺对呼吸很重要……还有你的谈话!气管的上方是喉部，有时也被称为喉。在喉的另一边是两个叫做声带的小突起，它们可以打开或关闭来发出声音。当你从肺部呼出空气时，它通过气管和喉咙到达声带。如果声带闭合，空气在声带之间流动，声带就会振动，发出声音。

trachea [ˈtreɪkiə] n. 气管，导管，螺旋纹管; 

 voice box [vɔɪs bɑks] n. 喉;  

 [rɪdʒ] n. 背脊，峰，隆起线;   山脊，山脉，海脊;   高压脊;   皱摺，田埂;  

 [ˈvəukəl kɔ:d] 声带;   声襞;  

 [vaiˈbreit] vt.& vi. （使）振动[颤动];   摆动;   犹豫;   激动; 

The amount of air you blow out from your lungs determines how loud a sound will be and how long you can make the sound. Try inhaling very deeply and saying the names of all the kids in your class — how far can you get without taking the next breath? The next time you're outside, try shouting and see what happens — shouting requires lots of air, so you'll need to breathe in more frequently than you would if you were only saying the words.

从肺部呼出的空气量决定了声音大小和发音时间。试着深吸一口气，说出班里所有孩子的名字--如果不呼吸，你能说多少?下次你在外面的时候，试着大喊大叫，看看会发生什么——大喊大叫需要大量的空气，所以你需要比只说话的时候更频繁地呼吸。

Experiment with different sounds and the air it takes to make them — when you giggle, you let out your breath in short bits, but when you burp, you let swallowed air in your stomach out in one long one! When you hiccup, it's because the diaphragm moves in a funny way that causes you to breathe in air suddenly, and that air hits your vocal cords when you're not ready.

用不同的声音和所需的空气来做实验——当你咯咯笑的时候，你的呼吸会很短促，但是当你打嗝的时候，吞进胃里的空气会好一会儿才呼出来！打嗝是因为横膈膜不自主的运动，使突然吸入的空气冲击声带，而你还没准备好。

 

Love Your Lungs 爱护你的肺

Your lungs are amazing. They allow you to breathe, talk to your friend, shout at a game, sing, laugh, cry, and more! And speaking of a game, your lungs even work with your brain to help you inhale and exhale a larger amount of air at a more rapid rate when you're running a mile — all without you even thinking about it once.

你的肺很神奇。他们让你呼吸，和你的朋友聊天，在比赛时大喊大叫，唱歌，笑，哭，等等!说到比赛，当你跑一英里的时候，你的肺甚至和你的大脑共同协作，帮助你以更快的速度吸入和呼出更多的空气--而这一切都不需要你去思考就能实现。

Keeping your lungs looking and feeling healthy is a smart idea, and the best way to keep your lungs pink and healthy is not to smoke. Smoking isn't good for any part of your body, and your lungs especially hate it. Cigarette smoke damages the cilia in the trachea so they can no longer move to keep dirt and other substances out of the lungs. Your alveoli get hurt too, because the chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause the walls of the delicate alveoli to break down, making it much harder to breathe.

保持肺部健康是个明智的选择，保持肺部粉红色和健康的最好方法是不吸烟。吸烟对身体的任何部位都没有好处，你的肺尤其讨厌吸烟。香烟烟雾会破坏气管的纤毛，使它们无法摆动，以使灰尘和其他物质无法进入肺部。你的肺泡也会受到伤害，因为香烟烟雾中的化学物质会导致脆弱的肺泡壁破裂，使它难以呼吸。

 Alveoli [ælˈvi:əlaɪ]  n.小孔，肺泡（ alveolus的名词复数 ）;气泡

 

 alveolus英 [ælˈvi:ələs]  n.牙槽;小孔，肺泡;蜂房的巢室

Finally, cigarette smoke can damage the cells of the lungs so much that the healthy cells go away, only to be replaced by cancer cells. Lungs are normally tough and strong, but when it comes to cigarettes, they can be hurt easily — and it's often very difficult or impossible to make them better. If you need to work with chemicals in an art or shop class, be sure to wear a protective mask to keep chemical fumes from entering your lungs.

最后，香烟烟雾会严重损害肺部细胞，以至于健康的细胞消失了，取而代之的是癌细胞。肺通常是坚硬而强壮的，但当接触到香烟时，它们很容易受伤--而且通常很难或不可能使它们得到恢复。如果你需要在艺术课或手工课上接触化学物质，一定要戴上防护面具，防止化学烟雾进入肺部。

You can also show your love for your lungs by exercising! Exercise is good for every part of your body, and especially for your lungs and heart. When you take part in vigorous exercise (like biking, running, or swimming, for example), your lungs require more air to give your cells the extra oxygen they need. As you breathe more deeply and take in more air, your lungs become stronger and better at supplying your body with the air it needs to succeed. Keep your lungs healthy and they will thank you for life!

你也可以通过锻炼来爱护你的肺部！运动对身体的每个部位都有好处，特别是对肺和心脏。当你参加剧烈运动（例如骑自行车、跑步或游泳）时，你的肺需要更多的空气来给你的细胞提供他们需要的额外氧气。当你深呼吸并吸入更多的空气时，你的肺会变得更强，更好地为你的身体提供所需的空气。保持肺部健康，感受幸福人生！

Humans have two lungs, a right lung and a left lung. They are situated within the thoracic cavity of the chest. The right lung is bigger than the left, which shares space in the chest with the heart.

人类有两个肺，一个右肺和一个左肺。它们和心脏位于胸腔内。右肺比左肺大。

The right lung has three lobes and the left has two.

  左肺有两叶，右肺有三叶。

The lungs are the primary organs of respiration sistem. 

肺是呼吸系统的主要器官。

We inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.

我们吸入氧气，呼出二氧化碳。

We breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide every day. 

 我们每天吸进氧气，呼出二氧化碳。

The main function of the respiratory system is to provide passages and room for gaseous exchange.  

呼吸系统的主要功用是提供空气到肺的通路及气体交换的场所。

Their function in the respiratory system is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere, in a process of gas exchange.

呼吸系统的作用是与外界进行气体交换，吸收大气中的氧气输送到血液中，并将血液里的二氧化碳释放到大气里。

It includes the external environment and the alveolar cavity gas exchange and thealveolar gas and blood gas exchange between the.

 它包括外环境与肺泡腔的气体交换和肺泡气与血液间的气体交换。

alveolar[ælˈviəlɚ] 

 

The lungs are in fact constructed of thousands of tiny tubes. 

肺实际上由上千条细微的气管构成。

The lungs consist of millions of tiny air sacs. 

肺由数百万个小气囊组成。

The lungs of mammals are spongy and honeycombed. 

  哺乳动物的肺富有弹性，具有蜂窝的肺泡。

alveolus：one of the many small spaces in each lung where gases can pass into or out of the blood

肺泡：肺中有许多可以与血液进行气体交换的小泡。

alveolus英 [ælˈvi:ələs]  n.，肺泡

Alveoli form clusters ( alveolar sacs) connected by alveolar ducts to theBronchioles.

 肺泡形成丛集的肺泡囊，经由肺泡管连接至支气管。 

There are great many alveolar ducts in the respiratory portion. Each respiratory bronchiole branched and formed many generous alveolar ducts. 

肺部肺泡管的数量多，每个细支气管又有许多分支，形成数量庞大的肺泡管。

Air inside an alveolus gives oxygen to blood and receives carbon dioxide from blood.

肺泡里的空气给血液供氧，同时接收血液里的二氧化碳。 

Body and organizations to exchange gases with the surrounding environment; 

机体和组织与周围环境交换气体；

Carbon dioxide is expelled from the tissues and oxygen is absorbed.

二氧化碳被从组织中排出，氧气被吸人。

As the lungs exhale this waste, gas is expelled into the atmosphere. 

肺呼出这些废气被排到空气中。

Diaphragm : Dome-shaped muscular and membranous structure Between the thoracic  and abdominal  cavities. 

膈：哺乳动物体内分隔胸腔和腹腔的由肌肉和膜组成的穹窿形结构。

 Diaphragm [ˈdaɪəˌfræm]

thoracic [θəˈræsɪk]

abdominal [æbˈdɔmənəl] 

In humans, the primary muscle that drives breathing is the diaphragm.

人类驱动呼吸的主要肌肉是膈肌。

Diaphragm is the largest inspiratory muscle and makes up to 60-80% of resting ventilationby retraction.

膈肌是人体最大的吸气肌，膈肌收缩所产生的通气量占静息通气量的60%～80%。

 ventilation[ˌventlˈeɪʃən]  

The diaphragm, a kind of skeletal muscle, is the most important aspiratory muscle. It accounts for 60-80% of the respiratory function.

膈肌属于骨骼肌，是最重要的呼吸肌，在呼吸运动中起60%-80%的作用。

During inhalation , contraction of the intercostal  muscles elevates the ribs.

吸气时肋间肌收缩，提起肋骨。

inhalation [ˌɪnhəˈleɪʃən]

intercostal [ˌintə(:)ˈkɔstl] 

 In breathing the chest muscles expand the rib cage and allow air to be sucked into the lungs.

 

呼吸时胸部肌肉使胸廓扩大让空气吸入肺部。

Breath out, relaxing your chest and diaphragm completely.

呼气，完全放松你的胸部和膈肌。 

Do this correctly by using the muscles of your abdomen and the ones between your ribs to squeeze more air out of your lungs as you exhale.

呼吸时运用腹肌和肋间肌，在呼气的时候尽量排出肺部的空气。

The upper and lower abdominal breathing muscles after a lapse of the scope ofactivities increased, so that the greatest range of thoracic volume expansion andretraction. 

腹式呼吸时隔肌上下活动范围加大，使胸腔容积得到最大范围的扩展和回缩。

Breathing is mainly achieved with the diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome convex to the thorax. 

呼吸主要通过膈肌来实现，膈肌呈一个圆屋顶样的凸起，将胸腔和腹腔分开。

Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the lung cavity. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities, and travels through the larynx, trachea and bronchi, and expands the alveoli. 

膈肌的收缩使膈肌顶部下降，圆顶变平，肺腔的体积增大。空气通过口腔和鼻腔进入，通过喉、气管和支气管到达肺泡，使肺泡扩张。

Relaxing the diaphragm has the opposite effect, decreasing the volume of the lung cavity, causing air to be pushed out of the lungs. 

膈肌的舒张有相反的效果，肺腔的体积变小，使空气从肺部排出。

During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing pressure on the diaphragm, which forces air out quicker and more forcefully.

在运动中，腹壁收缩，增加膈肌的压力，迫使空气更快更有力地排出。

 The rib cage is able to expand and contract the chest cavity through the action of other respiratory muscles. Consequently, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient.This type of lung is known as a bellows lung due to its resemblance to blacksmith bellows. 

其他呼吸肌如肋间肌可以扩张和收缩胸腔。因此，空气总是跟着压力变化而被吸入或从肺部排出。这种类型的肺被称为波纹肺，因为它与铁匠的风箱相似。

I step up the breathing rate& timing the contraction and relaxation of chest muscles.

我增加呼吸率&调节胸部肌肉的收缩和舒张的速率。 

 

In biology class we learned about digestion, respiration, circulation, and etc. 

在生物课上，我们了解了消化，呼吸，循环，等。

Anaerobic respiration occurs only in particularly active tissues such as muscles during severe exercise. 

厌氧呼吸只有在处于剧烈运动状态的肌肉等特别活跃的组织中才会发生。

Kids Health / for Kids / Word! Lung Function Tests

 Lung Function Tests

肺功能测试

 

How well do your lungs function? In other words, how well are you breathing? There are several tests that can help your doctor answer that question. For one of them, called spirometry, you take a breath and then blow the air out as fast and long as you can. These tests can help a doctor find out if someone has asthma.

你的肺功能如何?换句话说，你的呼吸怎么样?有几个测试可以帮助你的医生回答这个问题。其中一种叫做肺活量测定法，你先深呼吸，然后尽可能快、尽可能长时间地把空气呼出去。这些测试可以帮助医生发现是否有人患有哮喘。

spirometry [spaɪə'rɒmɪtrɪ]  肺量测定，呼吸量测定

take a breath深深地吸一口气

air out出气; 通通风，晾一晾

find out发现; 使发作; 使受惩罚; 

asthma [ˈæsmə] 美 [ˈæzmə, ˈæs-] n. <医>气喘，哮喘;  

Spirometry was performed on all eligible participants.  

对所有符合条件的参与者进行肺活量测定。

perform [pəˈfɔ:m] vt.& vi. 执行;   履行;   表演;   扮演;  vt. 工作;   做;   进行;   完成;  vi. 运行，表现;   

eligible [ˈelidʒəbl] adj. 合适的;   在（法律上或道德上）合格的;   有资格当选的;   称心如意的;  

                                 n. 合格者;   合适者;   称心如意的人;   合乎条件的人（或东西）; 

A spirometry test confirmed Nodari's diagnosis by measuring how deeply he breathed and how fast air moved in and out of his lungs. 

一项肺活量测试通过测量他的呼吸深度和空气进出肺部的速度，证实了诺达里的诊断。

diagnosis英 [ˌdaɪəgˈnəʊsɪs] 诊断;诊断结论;判断;结论

I need to have a second test to confirm the diagnosis.

我需要再进行一次检查以确诊。

Doctors examine their patients thoroughly in order to make a correct diagnosis. 

为了作出准确的诊断，医生会对病人进行彻底的检查。

If necessary X-rays and blood tests will also be used to aid diagnosis  

如有必要，还要进行X光检查和验血以帮助诊断。

aerobic exercise英 [eəˈrəʊbɪk ˈeksə]  美 [ɛˈrobɪk ˈɛksɚˌsaɪz]  有氧训练，有氧运动

Walking like swimming, bicycling and running is an aerobic exercise which builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. 

散步、游泳、骑自行车和慢跑是有氧运动，它通过增加皮肤和肌肉的氧气供应来增强能量输出和身体耐力。

 endurance [inˈdjuərəns] n. 耐久（力），持久（力）;   忍耐，忍耐力

Walking, done in the right way, is a form of aerobic exercise 

走路，如果方法正确的话，也是一种有氧健身运动。

For aerobic exercise to be effective, it has to be long duration.

为了使有氧运动有效，它必须持续较长时间。

I do an hour of aerobic exercise every other day. 

我隔天做一次一小时的有氧运动。

Anaerobic respiration occurs only in particularly active tissues such as muscles during severe exercise. 

厌氧呼吸只在处于剧烈运动状态的肌肉等特别活跃的组织中才会发生。

Anaerobic respiration 缺氧呼吸 [æneəˈrəʊbɪk] adj. 厌氧菌的，厌氧菌产生的;   无氧

severe严峻的; 严厉的; 剧烈的; 苛刻的

同一生物体内的不同细胞间，可以同时进行有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸，原因是生物体氧气供应不均。

人在慢跑时进行有氧呼吸。有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸可以在人体的不同细胞中同时进行，在运动时,某些组织细胞出现供氧不足会进行无氧呼吸,但对人体而言还是以有氧呼吸为主。

Form the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration.

从化学和能量学的观点来看，它与细胞呼吸作用相反。

Step 1, Review: Show the structure of the respiratory system.

First question: What are the two parts of the respiratory system? Why does not the mouth belong to the respiratory tract? Respiratory tract and lungs; because mouth breathing is not advocated.

Second question: What is the structure of the digestive system and the respiratory system? Why not the mouth?

Pharynx; because the mouth does not belong to the respiratory system.

Third question: What is the name of the voice organ located in the throat? Vocal cords.

Fourth question: Where does phlegm come from? Trachea and bronchi.

advocate英 [ˈædvəkeɪt]    vt.提倡;鼓吹;拥护;为…辩护n.提倡者;（辩护）律师;支持者

phlegm [flem] n. 痰;   冷静;   镇定;   迟钝; 

trachea [ˈtreɪkiə] n. 气管，导管，螺旋纹管; 

 bronchi [ˈbrɑŋˌkaɪ, -ˌki] n. 支气管;   ( bronchus的名词复数 );  

第一步，复习：显示呼吸系统的结构图，

第一个问题：呼吸系统由哪两部分组成？口腔为什么不属于呼吸道？呼吸道和肺；因为不提倡用口呼吸。

第二个问题：既属于消化系统又属于呼吸系统的结构是？为什么不是口腔？

咽；因为口腔不属于呼吸系统。

第三个问题：位于喉部的发声器官叫什么名字？声带。

第四个问题：痰产生的部位是？气管和支气管。