定语从句（The Attributive Clause）

一．定语从句的定义：

1、定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式、以及介词短语等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。担任定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。

2定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。

a.The girl who/ that spoke just now is my best friend.

b.He always buys some books (which/ that) he never read. c.Let’s find a place where we can have a picnic.

二.引导定语从句的关系词：

1、定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。

2、引导定语从句的关系代词有： who, whom, whose, which，that; 引导定语从句的关系副词有： when, where, why.

关系代词	词形	所修饰的先行词	在从句中所作的成分
	who	人	主语、宾语、表语
	whom	人	宾语
	which	物	主语、宾语、表语
	that	人或物	主语、宾语、表语
	whose	人或物	定语
关系副词	when	时间名词	时间状语
	where	地点名词	地点状语
	why	原因名词	原因状语

3、使用关系词的注意事项：

（1）先行词为物体时，关系代词that和 which的区分：

宜用that的情况：

1)、当先行词是all, Little，few, much, each, none, some, something, anything, nothing,等不定代词时。

eg. Do you have anything that is important to tell me?

2)、当先行词被some, any all ,every ,little, few,much, no, each等修饰时。  

eg.  I have some books that are very good.

3)、当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。

eg.  This is the first book that I bought myself. The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.

4)、当先行词被the very, the only, the last,the right, the next,just等词修饰时。

eg. This is the very book that I lost yesterday.

5)、当先行词又有人又有物时。

eg. I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.

6).当主句是以who或 which开头的特殊疑问句时。

Eg:  a. Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

b. Which of us that knows something about physics can’t join electric wires?

(2)只能使用which的情况:

1)、非限制性定语从句中。eg. Mary has a book, which is very precious.

2)、在介词之后。eg. This is a house in which lives an old man.

3).先行词本身就是that 时：eg.I don’t like that which he did .

(3).宜用who不宜用that的情况:

1）.先行词如果是one，ones，anyone时，不宜用that。.One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth .

b.The ones who flatter me don’t please me .c.We don’t want anyone who can’t afford the tuition fee to drop out of school.

2）.先行词为those时，关系代词宜用who。

a.Those who have good manners will be highly respected. b.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.

(4).介词+关系代词的两种结构：介词+关系代词也是历年来各省市高考的一个热点。对于这个结构应重点把握以下：

1）关于“名词+of which / whom”结构:
这种结构表示一种所属关系，在名词的前面通常有定冠词修饰。这个结构常常可以转化为“whose+名词”结构。

a.The house ,the gate of which faces south ,belongs to the Smiths .= The house ,whose gate faces south ,belongs to the Smiths.

b.Mt Smith ,the house of whom was robbed, reported it to the police.= Mr Smith ,whose house was robbed ,reported it to the police.

2).关于“数词+of which /whom”结构：（数词还可以被some ,many, most, each等不定代词替换）

在这个结构中，介词of 表示一种部分与全体的关系。这时，其中的数词可以后置，放在关系代词which或whom的后面，构成“of which / whom+数词”的结构。这时的介词of 不可换成其他任何介词。

a.The buses, most of which were already full ,were surrounded by an angry crowd.=

The buses ,of which most were already full ,were surrounded by an angry crowd.`

I met some foreigners yesterday ,two of whom are from the US.=

I met some foreigners yesterday ,of whom two are from the US.

（5）、定语从句中，当表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词作先行词时：

定语从句中，当表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词作先行词时，不能一概用关系副词when，where，why 或“介词+which\ whom ”引导定语从句。

若引导词在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词或“介词句+which\whom”引导定语从句:

若引导词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，则应用关系代词引导定语从句。

试比较下面的句子：

a.I ‘ll  never forget the days (that/which ) I spent with my teacher.（that\which 在定语从句中作宾语）

b.I’ll never forget the days when (= on which ) I joined the army.(when 在定语从句中作时间状语)

c.This is the reason which he gave me for doing it .(which在定语从句中作宾语)

d.Do you know the reason why he came late ?（why在定语从句中作原因状语）

三. 定语从句的分类：

根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

（1）、限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词，与先行词间的关系非常密切。它所修饰的先行词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或物，说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况，如果去掉，则意思含混不清。

Eg : a.A doctor is a person who cures patients.医生就是治疗病人的人。

b.This is the telegram (which\ that )he refers to .这就是他提到过的电报。

（2）、非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明作用，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。

Eg:a.He lives in Beijing ,which is about five hours‘ rides from here。

他住在北京，从这里到哪儿有五小时路程。

b.This note was left by Tom ,who was here a moment ago.这个短信是汤姆留下的，刚才他还在这里。

（3）、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的两个区别：

1）、位置不同：as从句可提至主句前、插入主句中、位于主句后;which从句只能位于主句后。

Eg: a. As is mentioned above, our school still calls for many skilled teachers.

 b.  He is late again ,as is often the case.

c. Many people ,as you know ,are learning foreign languages.d. He changed his mind ,which made me very angry.

2）、意义不同：as通常译为“正如，就像”表示符合人们的认识，事物的惯性等意义，即从句与主句语义一致;当从句与主句语义不一致时，或从句与主句之间是因果关系时，用which。

Eg: a.They remarried ,as we had expected. b.They remarried , which we hadn’t expected.

c. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.

四、定语从句中一些应注意的问题：

1)、定语从句与同位语从句的区别：

定语从句是从句对其先行词进行修饰或限制，而同位语从句是对前面的名词进行进一步的的说明和解释。

Eg: The news that he told me yesterday was true.昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句，news 在从句中作told 的宾语。)

   b.The news that our team has won the game was true .我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。（同位语从句，补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。）

  c.I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。（同位语从句，补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言。）

d. The mother made a promise pleased all her children.妈妈许下了一个另她的孩子们高兴地诺言。（定语从句，promise在从句中做pleased的主语。）

2)、situation，occasion，point 等几个词在定语从句中作先行词，且引导词在从句中作状语时，则关系副词用where或in which。

We may be trapped in such a situation where we have no one to turn to .我们将处在这样一个形势中，在这里我们没有人可以求助了。 (where在从句中作状语)

3).当先行词被the same, so ,as ,such 等修饰时，多用as 引导。应特别注意的是，不用like 。

Eg : a. Such stamps as you have collected are very valuable.

4).注意the same 、、、、、、、as与the same 、、、、、、、that所引导定语从句的区别。

Eg ：a. This is the same bike that I lost.(这就是我丢的那辆自行车。)b. This is the same bike as I lost.(这辆自行车与我丢的那辆很像。)