英语语言中的语言单位按从小到大的顺序一般分为：词----短语----句子。学好词类是学好英语的关键。

英语中的词根据词义，形式特征和在句中担当作用的不同大致分为以下十种：

词类               作用                        例词

[实词]

名词 n        表示人或事物名称        work, phone

形容词 adj    描述人或事物的特征          brave, big

数词 num     表示数目或顺序          two, second

代词 pron     代替名词或数词            it , they

动词  v       表示动作或状态            run ,know

副词 adv    描述动作或状态的特征 very, carefully       以上6种词类可以在英文句子中独立地担当句子成份（如名词做主语，宾语等，动词做谓语），称为实词。

 [虚词]

冠词 art    用在名词前，帮助说明其意义   a, an, the

介词 prep   用在名词或代词前说明其别     for, at, in         

            的词的关系                      

连词 conj   用来连接词与词，或句与句       and, if

感叹词     用来表示说话时的感情和口气     oh, aha

以上4种词都不能在句中独立担当句子成分，称为虚词。           

词和词之间的搭配关系有些常见规则，例如：

1. 形容词，数词通常用来修饰名词

2. 副词常修饰动词，形容词和副词本身

3. 介词后面必须跟名词或代词，所以介词不可能单独出现，而必须与它后面的名词或代词一起构成介词短语才行。

 

     在学习和记忆英文单词时要注意以下几点：

 1. 首先要关注----词性

分清词类（词性）是学好英语单词的第一个关键。同样的一个意思，在句中出现的位置不同(充当的成分作用不同)所用的词也不同。

eg:  I wish you success.

     We’ll succeed.

     It was a successful party.

    We successfully crossed the river.

 2.  其次要关注----一词多义和一次多性

    同样一个词，在不同场合有时有不同的词义和词性。例如：

  1) work 

     ①He works hard every day.

     ②I have a lot of work to do.

     ③the works of Shakespeare.

  2) round

     ① I want a round table.

     ② Let’s sit round the table.

     ③ Let me show you around.

     ④ We round the lips to say “oo”.

  3) present

     ① a birthday/Christmas present

     ② present sb with sth

     ③ He wants to change his present job.

3. 学习不同词性的词，侧重点也不同。

   1). 动词是否及物(return: vi返回; vt归还)和动词的一些常用搭配。

   2). 名词是否可数(work: [U]工作; [C]作品)

4.   要知道一些常见的词缀，可以有助于

猜词和扩大词汇量。

care   careful  careless

carefully carelessly   carefulness   carelessness

 

 

[句子成分]                      

   句子成分是由作用不同的各部分组成的，这些部分就叫做句子成分。句子成分可以是有单词构成，也可以是词组或从句。英语句子有两个最为重要的成分那就是主语和谓语。主语：一般由名词或起名词作用的人或一些成分（如短语或从句）担任。谓语主要是由动词或动词短语担任。

起次要作用的是宾语，宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分），定语，状语，表语等。

“主，谓，宾，定，状，补（表语）”

1. 主语：是句子要说明的人或物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。

Eg: Tom is a hard-working student.                                     

   He runs fast.

    Smoking is harmful to the health.

    To swim alone in a river is dangerous.

    It turned out that he was my best friend.

2. 谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。动词在句中做谓语。一般放在主语后。

  Eg: He runs fast.

Tom is a hard-working student.

  

除了主语和谓语，句子还有一些其他成分，如定语，状语，表语，宾语补足语。

 3．宾语：及物动词涉及到的人或物称为动词宾语，介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语。名词，代词，数词，此外动词不定式，动名词和宾语从句也可以做宾语。

  Eg: I love this game.

     A dog is behind the door.

     Please give the letter to her.

     Like doing/to do

     He asked me where Mary lived.

 

4.   定语： 用来修饰名词或代词的成分是定语。形容词，名词，数词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词和定语从句都可做定语。   

   Eg:  China is a great country.

      The dog over there is mine.

      We bought ten books.

      He made a speech on science.

      I have a lot of work to do.

      The boys playing football are my friends.

      The boys who are playing football are my friends.

 

5.   状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词或全句的成分是状语。副词，介词短语，动词不定式，名词短语，分词，状语从句等都可做状语。形容词不做状语。

    Eg: He runs very fast.

       I go fishing every day.

     He will go home to see his parents.

       He sat there watching TV.

     If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go out.

6．表语：在系动词（am, is, are等be动）后用来说明主语的身份，状态或特征的成分是表语。可以做表语的有名词，代词，形容词，

         介词短语，动词不定式，动名词，分词和 表语从句。

 Eg:  Tom’s father is a doctor.    

       “Who’s there?”--------“It’s me.”  

     She is very kind.

     The film is on.

     I’m standing.

     The cup is broken.

Seeing is believing/ To see is to believe.

The book is on the desk.

The city is under attack.

The problem is who can complete the job.

 

 1. I find that English is easy to learn.

2. I find that it is easy to learn English.

3. I find that to learn English is easy.

4. I find English  easy to learn.

5. I find it easy to learn English.

 

	主语	谓语	宾语	定语	状语	补表语
名词	Y		Y	Y	Y	Y
动词		Y
形容词				Y		Y
副词				Y	Y	Y
数词	Y		Y	Y
代词	Y		Y			Y
介短				Y	Y	Y

1. This is a weather station. 名词---定语

2. I go to school every day. 名词---状语

3. The boy over there is Tom. 副词---定语

4. Tom is over there. 副词---表语

5. Two and six is eight. 数词---主语

6. I want four(books).  数词---宾语

7. The man in black came forward.

介词---定语

8. The book is very popular among young people.    介词---状语

9. The ball is behind the door. 介词---表语

10. The book is of great use. 介词---表语

11. I find the book is of great use.

介词---宾补

简 单 句 的 结 构

 

简单句分类：根据句子结构，英文句子分为五大基本结构。

一．       什么是简单句

只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简单句。简单句的实质就是只有一个主谓结构。英文中的长句子或结构复杂的句子都是有简单句构成的。

 Eg: He runs fast.

 

Both Tom and John run fast.

He once worked and lived here.

My father and mother go to work in the morning and come back home in the evening.

1. 主语+不及物动词

2. 主语+连系动词(be)+表语

3. 主语+及物动词+宾语

4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语

 

 

1. 主语+不及物动词   

 Eg: He sings well.

Evening came.                     

2. 主语+连系动词+表语

Eg: He is my best friend.

The dog is behind the door.

连系动词：be(am, is, are等)，feel, look, sound, taste, smell, become, get, turn, go

Eg: She looks beautiful.

   It sounds a good idea.

3. 主语+及物动词+宾语

 Eg: I love this game.

I want to finish the job within 3 days.

I will never forget the days ____ I spent with you.

4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

  Eg: He told me a story.

     He bought me a new bike.

常用双宾语结构的动词有：give, show, send, bring, offer, pass, lend, wish, teach等。

※ explain to sb sth

5．主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语

  [实质：宾语补足语与宾语之间有一个逻辑上的主谓关系(即宾补对宾语有一个修饰补充的关系)。宾语补足语的成分较复杂，形容词，分词，动词不定式，介词短语，名词等]

Eg:  I want Tom to come back in a week.

The news made me happy.

I saw him walk into the room.

We should often keep our classroom clean.

   I will have my bike repaired.

 I heard someone singing at 11 last night.

1).常接动词不定式做宾语补足语的动词有：    advise, allow , ask, beg, cause, commend , get , encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, request, tell, want, wish, warn, wait for.等。

2). Look at, see, watch observe, notice(五看)， listen to, hear(二听)，feel(感觉)，make, let, have(三个使役)，这些词后面如果需要跟动词不定式的话，要去掉动词不定式符号to。但还原成被动语态时动词不定式符号to要还原。

 (3) make sb/sth + do/done/adj/n

have sb/sth + do/doing/ done

find/catch sb + doing/done

Eg: I saw Tom walk into the room.

Tom was seen to walk into the room.

[例题]

1. AIDS is said _D__ the biggest health challenge to men and women in that area over the past few years.

   A. that it is          B. to be 

   C. that it has been       D. to have been

2. The flu is believed _C__ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

   A. causing          

   B. being caused

   C. to be caused      

    D .to cause

3. Helen had to shout __D_ above the sound of the music.

  A. making herself hear 

  B. to make herself hear

  C. making herself heard 

  D. to make herself heard

4. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found_B_ in the kitchen.

    A. smoke        B. smoking 

    C. to smoke      D. smoked

5. Don’t have the water _B_ while you brush your teeth.

    A. run           B. running 

    C. being run      D. to run