中国注册会计师审计准则第1231号——针对评估的重大错报风险采取的应对措施(2010年11月1日修订)
CHINA CPA STANDARD ON AUDITING 1231 - THE CPA’S RESPONSES TO ASSESSED RISKS (As Revised November 1, 2012)
第一章 总 则
Chapter I General Provisions
第一条 为了规范注册会计师针对评估的重大错报风险设计和实施应对措施,制定本准则。
Article 1 This China CPA Standard on Auditing (CSA) deals with the CPA’s responsibility to design and implement responses to the assessed risks of material misstatement in an audit of financial statements.
第二章 定 义
Chapter II Definitions
第二条 实质性程序,是指用于发现认定层次重大错报的审计程序。实质性程序包括下列两类程序:
(一)对各类交易、账户余额和披露的细节测试;
(二)实质性分析程序。
Article 2 Substantive procedure – An audit procedure designed to detect material misstatements at the assertion level. Substantive procedures comprise:
(1) Tests of details of classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures; and
(2) Substantive analytical procedures.
第三条 控制测试,是指用于评价内部控制在防止或发现并纠正认定层次重大错报方面的运行有效性的审计程序。
Article 3 Test of controls – An audit procedure designed to evaluate the operating effectiveness of controls in preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements at the assertion level.
第三章 目 标
Chapter III Objective
第四条 注册会计师的目标是,针对评估的重大错报风险,通过设计和实施恰当的应对措施,获取充分、适当的审计证据。
Article 4 The objective of the CPA is to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the assessed risks of material misstatement, through designing and implementing appropriate responses to those risks.
第四章 要 求
Chapter IV Requirements
第一节 总体应对措施
Section 1 Overall Responses
第五条 注册会计师应当针对评估的财务报表层次重大错报风险,设计和实施总体应对措施。
Article 5 The CPA shall design and implement overall responses to address the assessed risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level.
第二节 进一步审计程序
Section 2 Further Audit Procedures
第六条 注册会计师应当针对评估的认定层次重大错报风险,设计和实施进一步审计程序,包括审计程序的性质、时间安排和范围。
Article 6 The CPA shall design and perform further audit procedures whose nature, timing and extent are based on and are responsive to the assessed risks of material misstatement at the assertion level.
第七条 在设计拟实施的进一步审计程序时,注册会计师应当:
(一)考虑形成某类交易、账户余额和披露的认定层次重大错报风险评估结果的依据;
(二)评估的风险越高,需要获取越有说服力的审计证据。
形成某类交易、账户余额和披露的认定层次重大错报风险评估结果的依据包括:
(一)因相关类别的交易、账户余额或披露的具体特征而导致重大错报的可能性(即固有风险);
(二)风险评估是否考虑了相关控制(即控制风险),从而要求注册会计师获取审计证据以确定控制是否有效运行(即注册会计师在确定实质性程序的性质、时间安排和范围时,拟信赖控制运行的有效性)。
Article 7 In designing the further audit procedures to be performed, the CPA shall:
(1) Consider the reasons for the assessment given to the risk of material misstatement at the assertion level for each class of transactions, account balance, and disclosure; and
(2) Obtain more persuasive audit evidence the higher the CPA’s assessment of risk.
The reasons for the assessment given to the risk of material misstatement at the assertion level for each class of transactions, account balance, and disclosure include:
(1) The likelihood of material misstatement due to the particular characteristics of the relevant class of transactions, account balance, or disclosure (that is, the inherent risk); and
(2) Whether the risk assessment takes account of relevant controls (that is, the control risk), thereby requiring the CPA to obtain audit evidence to determine whether the controls are operating effectively (that is, the CPA intends to rely on the operating effectiveness of controls in determining the nature, timing and extent of substantive procedures).
第三节 控制测试
Section 3 Tests of Controls
第八条 当存在下列情形之一时,注册会计师应当设计和实施控制测试,针对相关控制运行的有效性,获取充分、适当的审计证据:
(一)在评估认定层次重大错报风险时,预期控制的运行是有效的(即在确定实质性程序的性质、时间安排和范围时,注册会计师拟信赖控制运行的有效性);
(二)仅实施实质性程序并不能够提供认定层次充分、适当的审计证据。
Article 8 The CPA shall design and perform tests of controls to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence as to the operating effectiveness of relevant controls if:
(1) The CPA’s assessment of risks of material misstatement at the assertion level includes an expectation that the controls are operating effectively (that is, the CPA intends to rely on the operating effectiveness of controls in determining the nature, timing and extent of substantive procedures); or
(2) Substantive procedures alone can not provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence at the assertion level.
第九条 在设计和实施控制测试时,对控制有效性的信赖程度越高,注册会计师应当获取越有说服力的审计证据。
Article 9 In designing and performing tests of controls, the CPA shall obtain more persuasive audit evidence the greater the reliance the CPA places on the effectiveness of a control.
第十条 在设计和实施控制测试时,注册会计师应当:
(一)将询问与其他审计程序结合使用,以获取有关控制运行有效性的审计证据;
(二)确定拟测试的控制是否依赖其他控制(间接控制)。如果依赖其他控制,确定是否有必要获取支持这些间接控制有效运行的审计证据。
注册会计师获取的有关控制运行有效性的审计证据应当包括:
(一)控制在所审计期间的相关时点是如何运行的;
(二)控制是否得到一贯执行;
(三)控制由谁或以何种方式执行。
Article 10 In designing and performing tests of controls, the CPA shall:
(1) Perform other audit procedures in combination with inquiry to obtain audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of the controls; and
(2) Determine whether the controls to be tested depend upon other controls (indirect controls), and, if so, whether it is necessary to obtain audit evidence supporting the effective operation of those indirect controls.
The audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of the controls includes:
(1) How the controls were applied at relevant times during the period under audit;
(2) The consistency with which they were applied; and
(3) By whom or by what means they were applied.
第十一条 注册会计师应当按照本准则第十二条和第十五条的规定,测试其拟信赖的特定时点或整个期间的控制,为预期信赖程度提供恰当的依据。
Article 11 The CPA shall test controls for the particular time, or throughout the period, for which the CPA intends to rely on those controls, subject to Articles 12 and 15 below, in order to provide an appropriate basis for the CPA’s intended reliance.
第十二条 如果已获取有关控制在期中运行有效性的审计证据,注册会计师应当:
(一)获取这些控制在剩余期间发生重大变化的审计证据;
(二)确定针对剩余期间还需获取的补充审计证据。
Article 12 If the CPA obtains audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of controls during an interim period, the CPA shall:
(1) Obtain audit evidence about significant changes to those controls subsequent to the interim period; and
(2) Determine the additional audit evidence to be obtained for the remaining period.
第十三条 在确定利用以前审计获取的有关控制运行有效性的审计证据是否适当,以及再次测试控制的时间间隔时,注册会计师应当考虑下列因素:
(一)内部控制其他要素的有效性,包括控制环境、被审计单位对控制的监督以及被审计单位的风险评估过程;
(二)控制特征(人工控制还是自动化控制)产生的风险;
(三)信息技术一般控制的有效性;
(四)控制设计及其运行的有效性,包括在以前审计中发现的控制运行偏差的性质和程度,以及是否发生对控制运行产生重大影响的人员变动;
(五)是否存在由于环境发生变化而特定控制缺乏相应变化导致的风险;
(六)重大错报风险和对控制的信赖程度。
Article 13 In determining whether it is appropriate to use audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of controls obtained in previous audits, and, if so, the length of the time period that may elapse before retesting a control, the CPA shall consider the following:
(1) The effectiveness of other elements of internal control, including the control environment, the entity’s monitoring of controls, and the entity’s risk assessment process;
(2) The risks arising from the characteristics of the control, including whether it is manual or automated;
(3) The effectiveness of general IT controls;
(4) The effectiveness of the control and its application by the entity, including the nature and extent of deviations in the application of the control noted in previous audits, and whether there have been personnel changes that significantly affect the application of the control;
(5) Whether the lack of a change in a particular control poses a risk due to changing circumstances; and
(6) The risks of material misstatement and the extent of reliance on the control.
第十四条 如果拟利用以前审计获取的有关控制运行有效性的审计证据,注册会计师应当通过获取这些控制在以前审计后是否发生重大变化的审计证据,确定以前审计获取的审计证据是否与本期审计持续相关。
注册会计师应当通过实施询问并结合观察或检查程序,获取这些控制是否发生重大变化的审计证据,以确认对这些控制的了解,并根据下列情况作出不同处理:
(一)如果已发生变化,且这些变化对以前审计获取的审计证据的持续相关性产生影响,注册会计师应当在本期审计中测试这些控制运行的有效性;
(二)如果未发生变化,注册会计师应当每三年至少对控制测试一次,并且在每年审计中测试部分控制,以避免将所有拟信赖控制的测试集中于某一年,而在之后的两年中不进行任何测试。
Article 14 If the CPA plans to use audit evidence from a previous audit about the operating effectiveness of specific controls, the CPA shall establish the continuing relevance of that evidence by obtaining audit evidence about whether significant changes in those controls have occurred subsequent to the previous audit.
The CPA shall obtain this evidence by performing inquiry combined with observation or inspection, to confirm the understanding of those specific controls, and:
(1) If there have been changes that affect the continuing relevance of the audit evidence from the previous audit, the CPA shall test the controls in the current audit.
(2) If there have not been such changes, the CPA shall test the controls at least once in every third audit, and shall test some controls each audit to avoid the possibility of testing all the controls on which the CPA intends to rely in a single audit period with no testing of controls in the subsequent two audit periods.
第十五条 如果确定评估的认定层次重大错报风险是特别风险,并拟信赖针对该风险实施的控制,注册会计师应当在本期审计中测试这些控制运行的有效性。
Article 15 If the CPA plans to rely on controls over a risk the CPA has determined to be a significant risk, the CPA shall test those controls in the current period.
第十六条 在评价相关控制运行的有效性时,注册会计师应当评价通过实施实质性程序发现的错报是否表明控制未得到有效运行。
但通过实质性程序未发现错报,并不能证明与所测试认定相关的控制是有效的。
Article 16 When evaluating the operating effectiveness of relevant controls, the CPA shall evaluate whether misstatements that have been detected by substantive procedures indicate that controls are not operating effectively.
The absence of misstatements detected by substantive procedures, however, does not provide audit evidence that controls related to the assertion being tested are effective.
第十七条 如果发现拟信赖的控制出现偏差,注册会计师应当进行专门查询以了解这些偏差及其潜在后果,并确定:
(一)已实施的控制测试是否为信赖这些控制提供了适当的基础;
(二)是否有必要实施追加的控制测试;
(三)是否需要针对潜在的错报风险实施实质性程序。
Article 17 If deviations from controls upon which the CPA intends to rely are detected, the CPA shall make specific inquiries to understand these matters and their potential consequences, and shall determine whether:
(1) The tests of controls that have been performed provide an appropriate basis for reliance on the controls;
(2) Additional tests of controls are necessary; or
(3) The potential risks of misstatement need to be addressed using substantive procedures.
第四节 实质性程序
Section 4 Substantive Procedures
第十八条 无论评估的重大错报风险结果如何,注册会计师都应当针对所有重大类别的交易、账户余额和披露,设计和实施实质性程序。
Article 18 Irrespective of the assessed risks of material misstatement, the CPA shall design and perform substantive procedures for each material class of transactions, account balance, and disclosure.
第十九条 注册会计师应当考虑是否将函证程序用作实质性程序。
Article 19 The CPA shall consider whether external confirmation procedures are to be performed as substantive audit procedures.
第二十条 注册会计师实施的实质性程序应当包括下列与财务报表编制完成阶段相关的审计程序:
(一)将财务报表与其所依据的会计记录进行核对或调节;
(二)检查财务报表编制过程中作出的重大会计分录和其他调整。
Article 20 The CPA’s substantive procedures shall include the following audit procedures related to the financial statement closing process:
(1) Agreeing or reconciling the financial statements with the underlying accounting records; and
(2) Examining material journal entries and other adjustments made during the course of preparing the financial statements.
第二十一条 如果认为评估的认定层次重大错报风险是特别风险,注册会计师应当专门针对该风险实施实质性程序。如果针对特别风险实施的程序仅为实质性程序,这些程序应当包括细节测试。
Article 21 If the CPA has determined that an assessed risk of material misstatement at the assertion level is a significant risk, the CPA shall perform substantive procedures that are specifically responsive to that risk. When the approach to a significant risk consists only of substantive procedures, those procedures shall include tests of details.
第二十二条 如果在期中实施了实质性程序,注册会计师应当针对剩余期间实施下列程序之一,以将期中测试得出的结论合理延伸至期末:
(一)结合对剩余期间实施的控制测试,实施实质性程序;
(二)如果认为对剩余期间拟实施的实质性程序是充分的,仅实施实质性程序。
Article 22 If substantive procedures are performed at an interim date, the CPA shall cover the remaining period by performing one of the following procedures that provide a reasonable basis for extending the audit conclusions from the interim date to the period end:
(1) Substantive procedures, combined with tests of controls for the intervening period; or
(2) Further substantive procedures only, if the CPA determines that it is sufficient.
第二十三条 如果期中检查出注册会计师在评估重大错报风险时未预期到的错报,注册会计师应当评价是否需要修改相关的风险评估结果以及针对剩余期间拟实施的实质性程序的性质、时间安排和范围。
Article 23 If misstatements that the CPA did not expect when assessing the risks of material misstatement are detected at an interim date, the CPA shall evaluate whether the related assessment of risk and the planned nature, timing or extent of substantive procedures covering the remaining period need to be modified.
第五节 列报与披露的恰当性
Section 5 Adequacy of Presentation and Disclosure
第二十四条 注册会计师应当实施审计程序,评价财务报表的总体列报与相关披露是否符合适用的财务报告编制基础的规定。
Article 24 The CPA shall perform audit procedures to evaluate whether the overall presentation of the financial statements, including the related disclosures, is in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework.
第六节 评价审计证据的充分性和适当性
Section 6 Evaluating the Sufficiency and Appropriateness of Audit Evidence
第二十五条 在得出总体结论之前,注册会计师应当根据实施的审计程序和获取的审计证据,评价对认定层次重大错报风险的评估是否仍然适当。
Article 25 Based on the audit procedures performed and the audit evidence obtained, the CPA shall evaluate before the conclusion of the audit whether the assessments of the risks of material misstatement at the assertion level remain appropriate.
第二十六条 注册会计师应当确定是否已获取充分、适当的审计证据。
在形成审计意见时,注册会计师应当考虑所有相关的审计证据,无论该证据与财务报表认定相互印证还是相互矛盾。
Article 26 The CPA shall conclude whether sufficient appropriate audit evidence has been obtained.
In forming an opinion, the CPA shall consider all relevant audit evidence, regardless of whether it appears to corroborate or to contradict the assertions in the financial statements.
第二十七条 如果对重大的财务报表认定没有获取充分、适当的审计证据,注册会计师应当尽可能获取进一步的审计证据。
如果仍然不能获取充分、适当的审计证据,注册会计师应当对财务报表发表保留意见或无法表示意见。
Article 27 If the CPA has not obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence as to a material financial statement assertion, the CPA shall attempt to obtain further audit evidence.
If the CPA is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the CPA shall express a qualified opinion or disclaim an opinion on the financial statements.
第七节 审计工作底稿
Section 7 Documentation
第二十八条 注册会计师应当就下列事项形成审计工作底稿:
(一)针对评估的财务报表层次重大错报风险采取的总体应对措施,以及实施的进一步审计程序的性质、时间安排和范围;
(二)实施的进一步审计程序与评估的认定层次风险之间的联系;
(三)实施进一步审计程序的结果,包括在结果不明显时得出的结论。
Article 28 The CPA shall include in the audit documentation:
(1) The overall responses to address the assessed risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level, and the nature, timing and extent of the further audit procedures performed;
(2) The linkage of those procedures with the assessed risks at the assertion level; and
(3) The results of the audit procedures, including the conclusions where these are not otherwise clear.
第二十九条 如果拟利用在以前审计中获取的有关控制运行有效性的审计证据,注册会计师应当记录信赖这些控制的理由和结论。
Article 29 If the CPA plans to use audit evidence about the operating effectiveness of controls obtained in previous audits, the CPA shall include in the audit documentation the conclusions reached about relying on such controls that were tested in a previous audit.
第三十条 审计工作底稿应当能够证明财务报表与其所依据的会计记录是一致的或调节相符的。
Article 30 The CPA’s documentation shall demonstrate that the financial statements agree or reconcile with the underlying accounting records.
第五章 附 则
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
第三十一条 本准则自2012 年1 月1 日起施行。
Article 31 This CSA is effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2012.
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