ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct (6)
美国律师协会《职业行为示范规则》(6)
说明:本英汉对照文本是根据美国律师协会(American Bar Association,ABA)2004年颁布的文本翻译整理而来,仅供个人作为完善中国律师行为准则参考和法律英语学习资料,请勿用于任何商业目的。
Rule 1.5: Fees
规则1.5:律师费
(a) A lawyer shall not make an agreement for, charge, or collect an unreasonable fee or an unreasonable amount for expenses. The factors to be considered in determining the reasonableness of a fee include the following:
(1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly;
(2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer;
(3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;
(4) the amount involved and the results obtained;
(5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances;
(6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client;
(7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and
(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.
(a)律师不应通过协议约定或者收取不合理的律师费或不合理的其他费用。确定律师费是否合理应考虑的因素如下:
(1) 需要的时间和劳动,涉及问题的新奇和困难程度,以及适当提供该项法律服务所必需的技能;
(2) 律师接受特定客户的聘请后将妨碍接受其他客户聘请的可能性,如果此等可能性对于客户是显而易见的话;
(3) 在当地提供类似法律服务通常收取的律师费数额;
(4) 涉及的金额以及获得的结果;
(5) 客户或者客观情况施加的时间限制;
(6) 与客户之间的专业服务关系的性质和持续时间;
(7) 提供服务的律师的经验、名声和能力;以及
(8) 律师费是固定的还是或有收费。
(b) The scope of the representation and the basis or rate of the fee and expenses for which the client will be responsible shall be communicated to the client, preferably in writing, before or within a reasonable time after commencing the representation, except when the lawyer will charge a regularly represented client on the same basis or rate. Any changes in the basis or rate of the fee or expenses shall also be communicated to the client.
(b) 代理服务的范围以及客户应支付或承担的服务费和其他费用的计算基础和费率应当在开始代理服务之前或之后合理期间内向客户告知,最好是采用书面形式,除非律师将按照与此前相同的计算基础或费率为一个常年客户提供代理服务。律师费或其他费用的收费基础或费率的任何变化也应当告知客户。
(c) A fee may be contingent on the outcome of the matter for which the service is rendered, except in a matter in which a contingent fee is prohibited by paragraph (d) or other law. A contingent fee agreement shall be in a writing signed by the client and shall state the method by which the fee is to be determined, including the percentage or percentages that shall accrue to the lawyer in the event of settlement, trial or appeal; litigation and other expenses to be deducted from the recovery; and whether such expenses are to be deducted before or after the contingent fee is calculated. The agreement must clearly notify the client of any expenses for which the client will be liable whether or not the client is the prevailing party. Upon conclusion of a contingent fee matter, the lawyer shall provide the client with a written statement stating the outcome of the matter and, if there is a recovery, showing the remittance to the client and the method of its determination.
(c) 收费的多少可以取决于法律服务相关事项的结果,但下述(d)款或其他法律禁止采用或有收费的事项除外。有关或有收费的协议应当采用书面形式并由客户签署,其中应当载明或有收费的确定方法,包括:在和解、一审或上诉情形下计算律师费的百分比;可以从胜诉获赔金额中扣除的诉讼费和其他费用;以及此等费用是在计算或有收费之前还是之后扣除。协议必须向客户明确告知其无论是否胜诉都应当承担的任何费用。或有收费事项完结后,律师应当向客户提供一份书面文件,其中载明相关事项的结果、向客户汇付的胜诉获赔款项及金额的确定方法。
(d) A lawyer shall not enter into an arrangement for, charge, or collect:
(1) any fee in a domestic relations matter, the payment or amount of which is contingent upon the securing of a divorce or upon the amount of alimony or support, or property settlement in lieu thereof; or
(2) a contingent fee for representing a defendant in a criminal case.
(d) 律师不得与客户达成下述或有收费安排或者收取下述或有收费:
(1) 与婚姻家庭事项相关的或有收费,而且收费与否或收费多少取决于是否达到离婚结果或者取决于赡养费或抚养费或替代性财产协议的金额;
(2) 在刑事案件中为被告人提供辩护的或有收费。
(e) A division of a fee between lawyers who are not in the same firm may be made only if:
(1) the division is in proportion to the services performed by each lawyer or each lawyer assumes joint responsibility for the representation;
(2) the client agrees to the arrangement, including the share each lawyer will receive, and the agreement is confirmed in writing; and
(3) the total fee is reasonable.
(e)律师费在不属于同一律师事务所的律师之间进行分配,应当仅限于同时满足下述条件的情形:
(1) 分配比例与律师提供的服务量一致,或者各位律师为代理服务承担了连带责任;
(2) 客户同意此种分享律师费的安排,包括每一位律师应分享的份额,而且此等同意应当由客户书面确认;
(3) 律师费总额是合理的。
Comment - Rule 1.5
评注-规则1.5
Reasonableness of Fee and Expenses
律师费和其他费用的合理性
[1] Paragraph (a) requires that lawyers charge fees that are reasonable under the circumstances. The factors specified in (1) through (8) are not exclusive. Nor will each factor be relevant in each instance. Paragraph (a) also requires that expenses for which the client will be charged must be reasonable. A lawyer may seek reimbursement for the cost of services performed in-house, such as copying, or for other expenses incurred in-house, such as telephone charges, either by charging a reasonable amount to which the client has agreed in advance or by charging an amount that reasonably reflects the cost incurred by the lawyer.
[1] (a)款要求,律师收取的律师费依其情形而言应是合理的。第(1)至(8)项并未详尽列明所有的考虑因素,而且也不是所有因素在每一种具体情形下都是相关的。(a)款还要求,向客户收取的其他费用也必须是合理的。律师可以要求客户偿付其在事务所内部提供诸如复印等服务的成本以及事务所内部产生的电话费等其他费用,为此,律师可以收取已事先经客户同意的一笔合理的固定金额,或者收取与律师实际支出合理一致的金额。
Basis or Rate of Fee
律师费的基础或费率
[2] When the lawyer has regularly represented a client, they ordinarily will have evolved an understanding concerning the basis or rate of the fee and the expenses for which the client will be responsible. In a new client-lawyer relationship, however, an understanding as to fees and expenses must be promptly established. Generally, it is desirable to furnish the client with at least a simple memorandum or copy of the lawyer's customary fee arrangements that states the general nature of the legal services to be provided, the basis, rate or total amount of the fee and whether and to what extent the client will be responsible for any costs, expenses or disbursements in the course of the representation. A written statement concerning the terms of the engagement reduces the possibility of misunderstanding.
[2] 若律师常年代理某一个客户,则他们之间通常已就客户应承担的律师费和其他费用的计算基础或费率达成了共识。但在新的客户-律师关系中,有关律师费和其他费用的共识应当及时建立起来。一般而言,律师最好是向客户至少提供一份简单的备忘录或者一份律师常规收费安排表,其中应载明:所提供的法律服务的一般性质,律师费的计算基础、费率或总额,在代理服务过程中客户是否要承担其他任何成本、费用或支出以及相应的金额。就代理服务条款形成一份说明文件有助于降低发生误解的可能性。
[3] Contingent fees, like any other fees, are subject to the reasonableness standard of paragraph (a) of this Rule. In determining whether a particular contingent fee is reasonable, or whether it is reasonable to charge any form of contingent fee, a lawyer must consider the factors that are relevant under the circumstances. Applicable law may impose limitations on contingent fees, such as a ceiling on the percentage allowable, or may require a lawyer to offer clients an alternative basis for the fee. Applicable law also may apply to situations other than a contingent fee, for example, government regulations regarding fees in certain tax matters.
[3] 或有收费,与其他任何形式收费一样,都应当遵守(a)款的合理性标准。要确定某项特定的或有收费是否合理,或者收取任何形式的或有收费是否合理,律师必须考虑具体情形中的各种相关因素。适用的法律可能对或有收费施加了限制,比如规定了或有收费百分比的上限,或者可能要求律师向客户另外提供一种替代性的收费基础。适用的法律也可能适用于或有收费之外的情形,例如,关于特定税务事项中的收费问题的政府规章。
Terms of Payment
付款条件
[4] A lawyer may require advance payment of a fee, but is obliged to return any unearned portion. See Rule 1.16(d). A lawyer may accept property in payment for services, such as an ownership interest in an enterprise, providing this does not involve acquisition of a proprietary interest in the cause of action or subject matter of the litigation contrary to Rule 1.8(i). However, a fee paid in property instead of money may be subject to the requirements of Rule 1.8(a) because such fees often have the essential qualities of a business transaction with the client.
[4] 律师可以要求客户提前支付律师费,但有义务归还未实际提供服务的部分。请参见“规则1.16(d)”。律师可以接受财产作为服务费的付款方式,比如企业的所有者权益,只要接受此等财产的付款方式并不违反“规则1.8(i)”有关获得对诉因或诉讼标的的所有者权益的禁止性规定。但是,以财产代替现金支付律师费的方式也可能受限于“规则1.8(a)”的要求,因为此种律师费收费方式常常具有与客户进行商业交易的本质特征。
[5] An agreement may not be made whose terms might induce the lawyer improperly to curtail services for the client or perform them in a way contrary to the client's interest. For example, a lawyer should not enter into an agreement whereby services are to be provided only up to a stated amount when it is foreseeable that more extensive services probably will be required, unless the situation is adequately explained to the client. Otherwise, the client might have to bargain for further assistance in the midst of a proceeding or transaction. However, it is proper to define the extent of services in light of the client's ability to pay. A lawyer should not exploit a fee arrangement based primarily on hourly charges by using wasteful procedures.
[5] 如果协议条款可能诱使律师不适当地缩减为客户提供的服务或者以有悖于客户利益的方式提供服务,则律师不得与客户达成此等协议。例如,如果可以预见很有可能需要提供更广泛的服务,则律师不得与客户协议约定提供的服务量仅以达到某一规定的金额为限,除非此等情形已向客户做出充分的解释。否则,客户可能不得不在法律程序或交易进行过程中为获得进一步法律协助而讨价还价。但是,根据客户的支付能力而界定服务范围的做法是适当的。律师不得为了利用主要是基于小时费率的收费安排增加律师费收入而使用不必要的法律程序。
Prohibited Contingent Fees
不允许的或有收费
[6] Paragraph (d) prohibits a lawyer from charging a contingent fee in a domestic relations matter when payment is contingent upon the securing of a divorce or upon the amount of alimony or support or property settlement to be obtained. This provision does not preclude a contract for a contingent fee for legal representation in connection with the recovery of post-judgment balances due under support, alimony or other financial orders because such contracts do not implicate the same policy concerns.
[6] (d)款禁止在与婚姻家庭事项相关的服务中采用这样的或有收费安排,即收费与否取决于是否达到离婚结果或者取决于获得的赡养费或抚养费或替代性财产协议的金额。如果是为追索已生效的赡养费、抚养费或其他财务安排裁决项下未支付款项而提供的代理服务,则该款规定并不排除或有收费安排,因为此等安排并不涉及到相同的政策关切点。
Division of Fee
律师费分配
[7] A division of fee is a single billing to a client covering the fee of two or more lawyers who are not in the same firm. A division of fee facilitates association of more than one lawyer in a matter in which neither alone could serve the client as well, and most often is used when the fee is contingent and the division is between a referring lawyer and a trial specialist. Paragraph (e) permits the lawyers to divide a fee either on the basis of the proportion of services they render or if each lawyer assumes responsibility for the representation as a whole. In addition, the client must agree to the arrangement, including the share that each lawyer is to receive, and the agreement must be confirmed in writing. Contingent fee agreements must be in a writing signed by the client and must otherwise comply with paragraph (c) of this Rule. Joint responsibility for the representation entails financial and ethical responsibility for the representation as if the lawyers were associated in a partnership. A lawyer should only refer a matter to a lawyer whom the referring lawyer reasonably believes is competent to handle the matter. See Rule 1.1.
[7] 律师费分配是指为不属于同一事务所的两个或多个律师的服务费汇总向客户开具一份账单的情形。律师费分配有利于多个律师在各自单独都不可能为客户提供同等优质服务情况下进行联合,最常见的情形是或有收费模式下转介律师与专业出庭律师之间的分配安排。(e)款允许律师之间基于他们各自提供服务的比例分配律师费,也允许在每一位律师都对整个代理服务承担责任情形下采用律师费分配安排。此外,此种安排必须经客户同意,包括每位律师收取的份额,而且相关协议必须经过客户书面签署确认。或有收费协议必须经客户书面签署确认而且必须在其他方面符合(c)款的规定。对代理服务承担连带责任要求各位律师如同是以合伙方式联合起来一样承担财务和职业道德责任。律师只能将一项事务转介给其合理相信有能力胜任该项事务的律师处理。请参见“规则1.1”。
[8] Paragraph (e) does not prohibit or regulate division of fees to be received in the future for work done when lawyers were previously associated in a law firm.
[8](e)并不禁止或者规范律师之间分配为此前同属于一个律师事务所时已做的工作而将要收取的律师费。
Disputes over Fees
律师费争议
[9] If a procedure has been established for resolution of fee disputes, such as an arbitration or mediation procedure established by the bar, the lawyer must comply with the procedure when it is mandatory, and, even when it is voluntary, the lawyer should conscientiously consider submitting to it. Law may prescribe a procedure for determining a lawyer's fee, for example, in representation of an executor or administrator, a class or a person entitled to a reasonable fee as part of the measure of damages. The lawyer entitled to such a fee and a lawyer representing another party concerned with the fee should comply with the prescribed procedure.
[9] 如果为解决律师费争议已设有程序,例如律师协会设立的仲裁或调解程序,如果属于强制性程序,律师必须遵守此等程序;即使是自愿性的程序,律师也应当认真考虑接受此等程序。法律可能规定了确定律师费数额的程序,例如在为遗嘱执行人或管理人提供的代理服务中,或者在为有权获得赔偿额的一定比例作为其合理律师费的群体或个人提供的代理服务中。有权获得此等律师费的律师以及代理与此等律师费有关的另一方当事人的律师应当遵守规定的程序。
Rule 1.6: Confidentiality of Information
规则1.6:信息保密
(a) A lawyer shall not reveal information relating to the representation of a client unless the client gives informed consent, the disclosure is impliedly authorized in order to carry out the representation or the disclosure is permitted by paragraph (b).
(a) 律师不得披露与客户代理工作有关的信息,除非该客户已给予知情同意,或者该披露是为执行代理工作而得到默示授权的,或者披露是下述(b)款允许的。
(b) A lawyer may reveal information relating to the representation of a client to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary:
(1) to prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm;
(2) to prevent the client from committing a crime or fraud that is reasonably certain to result in substantial injury to the financial interests or property of another and in furtherance of which the client has used or is using the lawyer's services;
(3) to prevent, mitigate or rectify substantial injury to the financial interests or property of another that is reasonably certain to result or has resulted from the client's commission of a crime or fraud in furtherance of which the client has used the lawyer's services;
(4) to secure legal advice about the lawyer's compliance with these Rules;
(5) to establish a claim or defense on behalf of the lawyer in a controversy between the lawyer and the client, to establish a defense to a criminal charge or civil claim against the lawyer based upon conduct in which the client was involved, or to respond to allegations in any proceeding concerning the lawyer's representation of the client; or
(6) to comply with other law or a court order.
(b) 律师可以在其合理相信为达到下述目的而必要的限度内披露与客户代理工作相关的信息:
(1) 为防止合理确定会发生的死亡或严重身体伤害;
(2) 为防止客户实施合理确定会导致另一方财产或经济利益严重损害的犯罪或欺诈,而且客户已经或正在利用律师的服务以实施犯罪或欺诈;
(3) 为防止、减轻或者纠正因客户实施犯罪或欺诈而合理确定会造成或已造成的另一方财产或经济利益的严重损害,而且客户已经利用律师的服务以实施犯罪或欺诈;
(4) 为获取关于律师是否遵守了本系列规则的法律咨询意见;
(5) 为在律师与客户的争议中为律师确立一项索赔或抗辩,为基于与客户相关的行为而对律师提起的刑事指控或民事索赔确立一项抗辩,或者为应对与客户代理工作相关的任何法律程序中针对律师的指控;
(6) 为遵守其他法律或法庭命令。
Comment - Rule 1.6
评注-规则1.6
[1] This Rule governs the disclosure by a lawyer of information relating to the representation of a client during the lawyer's representation of the client. See Rule 1.18 for the lawyer's duties with respect to information provided to the lawyer by a prospective client, Rule 1.9(c)(2) for the lawyer's duty not to reveal information relating to the lawyer's prior representation of a former client and Rules 1.8(b) and 1.9(c)(1) for the lawyer's duties with respect to the use of such information to the disadvantage of clients and former clients.
[1] 本规则适用于律师在代理客户期间与代理工作有关的信息披露。关于律师就潜在的客户向其提供的信息所承担的责任,请参见“规则1.18”;关于律师不得披露为以前的客户提供的代理服务有关的信息的责任,请参见“规则1.9(c)(2)”;关于律师为了客户和以前客户的利益而使用此等信息应承担的责任,请参见“规则1.8(b)和1.9(c)(1)”。
[2] A fundamental principle in the client-lawyer relationship is that, in the absence of the client's informed consent, the lawyer must not reveal information relating to the representation. See Rule 1.0(e) for the definition of informed consent. This contributes to the trust that is the hallmark of the client-lawyer relationship. The client is thereby encouraged to seek legal assistance and to communicate fully and frankly with the lawyer even as to embarrassing or legally damaging subject matter. The lawyer needs this information to represent the client effectively and, if necessary, to advise the client to refrain from wrongful conduct. Almost without exception, clients come to lawyers in order to determine their rights and what is, in the complex of laws and regulations, deemed to be legal and correct. Based upon experience, lawyers know that almost all clients follow the advice given, and the law is upheld.
[2] 客户-律师关系中的一项基本原则是,如果没有客户的知情同意,律师不得披露与代理工作有关的信息。关于知情同意的定义,请参见“规则1.0(e)”。该项原则有助于增进作为客户-律师关系标志的信任。这种信任关系鼓励客户寻求法律协助并充分和坦诚地与律师交流,即使是涉及令人尴尬的或者有法律破坏性的事项也不例外。律师需要这些信息以便为客户提供有效的代理服务并在必要时建议客户不要实施不合法的行为。几乎毫无例外的,客户来找律师的目的是要确定他们的权利以及在复杂的法律和法规框架下什么是合法和正确的。根据经验,律师知道几乎所有的客户都会听从所得到的建议,因而法律也得到了维护。
[3] The principle of client-lawyer confidentiality is given effect by related bodies of law: the attorney-client privilege, the work product doctrine and the rule of confidentiality established in professional ethics. The attorney-client privilege and work-product doctrine apply in judicial and other proceedings in which a lawyer may be called as a witness or otherwise required to produce evidence concerning a client. The rule of client-lawyer confidentiality applies in situations other than those where evidence is sought from the lawyer through compulsion of law. The confidentiality rule, for example, applies not only to matters communicated in confidence by the client but also to all information relating to the representation, whatever its source. A lawyer may not disclose such information except as authorized or required by the Rules of Professional Conduct or other law. See also Scope.
[3] 客户-律师保密原则得到了相关法律体系的确认,例如律师-当事人保密特权、工作成果原则以及职业道德规范确立的保密规则。律师-当事人保密特权和工作成果原则适用于有可能传唤律师出庭作证或者要求出具与客户有关的证据的司法程序和其他程序。而客户-律师保密规则适用于除通过法律强制向律师索取证据之外的其他情形。例如,保密规则不仅适用于客户秘密交流的事项,也适用于与代理工作有关的所有信息,而无论信息来源。律师不得披露此等信息,除非《职业行为规则》或者其他法律允许或要求披露。另请参见“范围”部分内容。
[4] Paragraph (a) prohibits a lawyer from revealing information relating to the representation of a client. This prohibition also applies to disclosures by a lawyer that do not in themselves reveal protected information but could reasonably lead to the discovery of such information by a third person. A lawyer's use of a hypothetical to discuss issues relating to the representation is permissible so long as there is no reasonable likelihood that the listener will be able to ascertain the identity of the client or the situation involved.
[4] (a)款禁止律师披露与代理客户工作有关的信息。该禁止性规定也适用于间接披露信息的情形,即律师虽未直接披露受保护的信息,但律师披露的信息合理预期能够导致第三人发现受保护的信息。律师可以使用假设情形来讨论与代理工作相关的问题,只要合理预期不存在信息接收者据以确认客户身份或相关情形的可能性即可。
Authorized Disclosure
授权披露
[5] Except to the extent that the client's instructions or special circumstances limit that authority, a lawyer is impliedly authorized to make disclosures about a client when appropriate in carrying out the representation. In some situations, for example, a lawyer may be impliedly authorized to admit a fact that cannot properly be disputed or to make a disclosure that facilitates a satisfactory conclusion to a matter. Lawyers in a firm may, in the course of the firm's practice, disclose to each other information relating to a client of the firm, unless the client has instructed that particular information be confined to specified lawyers.
[5] 律师已获得默示授权可在执行代理工作的适当范围内披露信息,除非此等默示授权范围受到客户指示或特殊情势所施加的限制。在某些情形下,律师可能已获得默示授权承认一项无法正当辩驳的事实或者作出披露以促成某一事项的完满解决。在事务所中执业的律师可以相互披露与事务所的客户相关的信息,除非客户已指示要求特定信息的知悉范围限制在特定的律师之中。
Disclosure Adverse to Client
不利于客户的信息披露
[6] Although the public interest is usually best served by a strict rule requiring lawyers to preserve the confidentiality of information relating to the representation of their clients, the confidentiality rule is subject to limited exceptions. Paragraph (b)(1) recognizes the overriding value of life and physical integrity and permits disclosure reasonably necessary to prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm. Such harm is reasonably certain to occur if it will be suffered imminently or if there is a present and substantial threat that a person will suffer such harm at a later date if the lawyer fails to take action necessary to eliminate the threat. Thus, a lawyer who knows that a client has accidentally discharged toxic waste into a town's water supply may reveal this information to the authorities if there is a present and substantial risk that a person who drinks the water will contract a life-threatening or debilitating disease and the lawyer's disclosure is necessary to eliminate the threat or reduce the number of victims.
[6]律师严格遵守保密规则,保守与其客户代理工作相关信息的保密性,这通常是最有利于维护公共利益的。但是,保密规则也受制于几种有限的例外情形。(b)款第(1)项确认了生命和身体健全的更高价值,允许披露合理必要的信息以防止合理确定会发生的死亡或严重身体伤害事件。如果此等伤害事件很快就会发生,或者如果存在现时和严重的威胁,若律师不采取必要行动消除此等威胁就会导致某人在以后某个日期遭受此等伤害,则可以认定此等伤害合理确定会发生。因此,当律师获悉客户意外地将有毒废物排入了城镇的供水系统,如果存在这样一种现时和严重的危险,即饮用水的人会染上致命或致残的疾病,而且律师的披露是消除危险或减少受害者所必须的,则律师可以披露该信息。
[7] Paragraph (b)(2) is a limited exception to the rule of confidentiality that permits the lawyer to reveal information to the extent necessary to enable affected persons or appropriate authorities to prevent the client from committing a crime or fraud, as defined in Rule 1.0(d), that is reasonably certain to result in substantial injury to the financial or property interests of another and in furtherance of which the client has used or is using the lawyer's services. Such a serious abuse of the client-lawyer relationship by the client forfiets the protection of this Rule. The client can, of course, prevent such disclosure by refraining from the wrongful conduct. Although paragraph (b)(2) does not require the lawyer to reveal the client's misconduct, the lawyer may not counsel or assist the client in conduct the lawyer knows is criminal or fraudulent. See Rule 1.2(d), which permits the lawyer, where the client is an organization, to reveal information relating to the representation in limited circumstances.
[7] (b)款第(2)项是保密规则另一个有限的例外情形,它允许律师在必要的限度内披露信息以使得受影响的人或适当的权威机构能够防止客户实施犯罪或欺诈(如“规则1.0(d)”所定义者),如果此等犯罪或欺诈合理确定会导致另一方财产或经济利益严重损害,而且客户已经或正在利用律师的服务以实施犯罪或欺诈。客户如此滥用客-律师关系即丧失受保密规则保护的权利。当然,客户放弃不法行为的企图即可阻止律师作出此等信息披露。尽管(b)款第(2)项并不要求律师揭露客户的不当行为,但是律师不得在明知的情形下为客户提供法律咨询或者协助其实施犯罪或欺诈性行为。另请参见“规则1.2(d)”,该条款允许律师在有限的情形中披露与组织机构客户的代理工作有关的信息。
[8] Paragraph (b)(3) addresses the situation in which the lawyer does not learn of the client's crime or fraud until after it has been consummated. Although the client no longer has the option of preventing disclosure by refraining from the wrongful conduct, there will be situations in which the loss suffered by the affected person can be prevented, rectified or mitigated. In such situations, the lawyer may disclose information relating to the representation to the extent necessary to enable the affected persons to prevent or mitigate reasonably certain losses or to attempt to recoup their losses. Paragraph (b)(3) does not apply when a person who has committed a crime or fraud thereafter employs a lawyer for representation concerning that offense.
[8] (b)款第(3)项涉及律师在事后获悉客户实施犯罪或欺诈的情形。虽然客户此时已无法选择放弃不法行为的企图而阻止律师披露,但会存在这种情形,即受影响的人所遭受的损失有可能被防止、纠正或减轻。在此种情形下,律师可以在必要的限度内披露与代理工作有关的信息,以便受影响的人能够防止或减轻合理确定会发生的损失或者努力弥补其损失。(b)款第(3)项并不适用于一个人在实施犯罪或欺诈后聘请律师就其违法犯罪行为提供代理服务的情形。
[9] A lawyer's confidentiality obligations do not preclude a lawyer from securing confidential legal advice about the lawyer's personal responsibility to comply with these Rules. In most situations, disclosing information to secure such advice will be impliedly authorized for the lawyer to carry out the representation. Even when the disclosure is not impliedly authorized, paragraph (b)(4) permits such disclosure because of the importance of a lawyer's compliance with the Rules of Professional Conduct.
[9] 律师的保密义务并不妨碍其获取有关其遵守本《规则》的个人责任的法律咨询意见。在大多数情形下,为获取此等咨询意见而披露信息属于执行代理工作的默示授权范围。即使此等信息披露并未获得默示授权,由于遵守《职业行为规则》的重要性,(b)款第(4)项也允许此等信息披露。
[10] Where a legal claim or disciplinary charge alleges complicity of the lawyer in a client's conduct or other misconduct of the lawyer involving representation of the client, the lawyer may respond to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to establish a defense. The same is true with respect to a claim involving the conduct or representation of a former client. Such a charge can arise in a civil, criminal, disciplinary or other proceeding and can be based on a wrong allegedly committed by the lawyer against the client or on a wrong alleged by a third person, for example, a person claiming to have been defrauded by the lawyer and client acting together. The lawyer's right to respond arises when an assertion of such complicity has been made. Paragraph (b)(5) does not require the lawyer to await the commencement of an action or proceeding that charges such complicity, so that the defense may be established by responding directly to a third party who has made such an assertion. The right to defend also applies, of course, where a proceeding has been commenced.
[10] 如果一项法律索赔或违规指控声称律师与客户有共谋行为或者律师有其他与代理工作相关的不当行为,律师可以在为确立一项抗辩而合理认为必要的限度内对此作出回应。对涉及过去客户的行为或代理工作的指控也是如此。此等指控可能起因于民事、刑事、纪律处分或其他程序,而且可能是基于律师据称对客户实施的不当行为或者基于第三人指控的不当行为,例如第三人指控律师与客户共谋对其实施了欺诈。律师针对此等共谋指控有作出回应的权利。(b)款第(5)项并不要求律师等待此等共谋指控的诉讼或程序启动,因此可以直接向有此等主张的第三方直接回应以进行抗辩。
[11] A lawyer entitled to a fee is permitted by paragraph (b)(5) to prove the services rendered in an action to collect it. This aspect of the rule expresses the principle that the beneficiary of a fiduciary relationship may not exploit it to the detriment of the fiduciary.
[11] (b)款第(5)项允许有权收取律师费的律师在追索律师费的诉讼程序中证明已提供的服务。此等规定体现了这样的信托原则,即信托关系的受益人不得利用信托关系损害受托人的利益。(英美法中的信托关系是个外延广泛的概念,包括了律师-当事人关系,其中律师是受托人,客户是受益人,如果在上述情形中当事人以律师承担的保密义务为由不允许律师披露当事人信息以证明提供的服务,即出现了受益人利用信托关系损害受托人利益的情形——译者注)
[12] Other law may require that a lawyer disclose information about a client. Whether such a law supersedes Rule 1.6 is a question of law beyond the scope of these Rules. When disclosure of information relating to the representation appears to be required by other law, the lawyer must discuss the matter with the client to the extent required by Rule 1.4. If, however, the other law supersedes this Rule and requires disclosure, paragraph (b)(6) permits the lawyer to make such disclosures as are necessary to comply with the law.
[12] 其他法律可能要求律师披露有关某个客户的信息。此等法律规定是否优先于“规则1.6”的问题已超出本《规则》的范围。如果其他法律要求披露与代理工作有关的信息,律师必须在“规则1.4”要求的范围内与客户讨论该事项。但是,如果其他法律规定优先于本条规则而要求披露,(b)款第(6)项允许律师作出此等必要披露以遵守法律规定。
[13] A lawyer may be ordered to reveal information relating to the representation of a client by a court or by another tribunal or governmental entity claiming authority pursuant to other law to compel the disclosure. Absent informed consent of the client to do otherwise, the lawyer should assert on behalf of the client all nonfrivolous claims that the order is not authorized by other law or that the information sought is protected against disclosure by the attorney-client privilege or other applicable law. In the event of an adverse ruling, the lawyer must consult with the client about the possibility of an appeal to the extent required by Rule 1.4. Unless review is sought, however, paragraph (b)(6) permits the lawyer to comply with the court's order.
[13] 律师披露与代理工作有关的信息可能是由于法庭或者其他声称根据其他法律规定有权强制披露的裁判机构或政府实体的命令。律师应当代理客户针对此等强制披露命令提出一切有实际意义的抗辩,主张此等命令并未得到其他法律规定的授权或者要求披露的信息受到律师-客户保密特权或者其他适用法律的保护。如果得到不利的裁决,律师必须在“规则1.4”要求的限度内与客户商讨上诉的可能性。但是(b)款第(6)项允许律师遵守法庭的命令,除非已就该命令申请复议。
[14] Paragraph (b) permits disclosure only to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes the disclosure is necessary to accomplish one of the purposes specified. Where practicable, the lawyer should first seek to persuade the client to take suitable action to obviate the need for disclosure. In any case, a disclosure adverse to the client's interest should be no greater than the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to accomplish the purpose. If the disclosure will be made in connection with a judicial proceeding, the disclosure should be made in a manner that limits access to the information to the tribunal or other persons having a need to know it and appropriate protective orders or other arrangements should be sought by the lawyer to the fullest extent practicable.
[14] (b)款允许披露的信息范围以律师为实现规定的目的而合理认为必要为限。在可行的情况下,律师应当首先尽力说服客户采取适当行动,以使得律师没有必要进行披露。在任何情形下,有害于客户利益的信息披露范围都不应超过律师为实现披露目的而合理认为必要的限度。如果信息披露与一项司法程序相关联,则披露的方式应当使得可以接触信息的人员仅限于法庭人员或者其他有必要知悉信息的人员,而且律师应当在可行的最大限度内就披露的信息获取适当的保护命令或作出其他类似安排。
[15] Paragraph (b) permits but does not require the disclosure of information relating to a client's representation to accomplish the purposes specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(6). In exercising the discretion conferred by this Rules, the lawyer may consider such factors as the nature of the lawyer's relationship with the client and with those who might be injured by the client, the lawyer's own involvement in the transaction and factors that may extenuate the conduct in question. A lawyer's decision not to disclose as permitted by paragraph (b) does not violate this Rule. Disclosure may be required, however, by other Rules. Some Rules require disclosure only if such disclosure would be permitted by paragraph (b). See Rules 1.2(d), 4.1(b), 8.1 and 8.3. Rule 3.3, on the other hand, requires disclosure in some circumstances regardless of whether such disclosure is permitted by this Rule. See Rule 3.3(c).
[15] (b)款允许但并不要求披露与客户代理相关的信息以实现(b)款第(1)至(6)项规定的目的。在行使本《规则》授予的自由裁量权时,律师可以考虑的因素包括:律师与客户以及可能受到客户伤害的其他人的关系的性质,律师自己对于交易事项的参与程度,以及可以减轻相关行为后果的因素。律师作出不进行(b)款允许的信息披露的决定并不违反本规则。但其他规则可能要求信息披露。有些规则仅要求在本条规则(b)款允许的情况下进行信息披露。请参见“规则1.2(d)、4.1(b)、8.1和8.3”。另一方面,“规则3.3”要求在某些情形下进行披露,而无论此等披露是否是本条规则所允许的。请参见“规则3.3(c)”。
Acting Competently to Preserve Confidentiality
称职行事以保守秘密
[16] A lawyer must act competently to safeguard information relating to the representation of a client against inadvertent or unauthorized disclosure by the lawyer or other persons who are participating in the representation of the client or who are subject to the lawyer's supervision. See Rules 1.1, 5.1 and 5.3.
[16] 律师必须称职地行事,以防止律师自己或者其他参与客户代理工作或在律师监督下工作的人员因粗心大意而披露信息或者未经授权而披露信息。请参见“规则1.1、5.1和5.3”.
[17] When transmitting a communication that includes information relating to the representation of a client, the lawyer must take reasonable precautions to prevent the information from coming into the hands of unintended recipients. This duty, however, does not require that the lawyer use special security measures if the method of communication affords a reasonable expectation of privacy. Special circumstances, however, may warrant special precautions. Factors to be considered in determining the reasonableness of the lawyer's expectation of confidentiality include the sensitivity of the information and the extent to which the privacy of the communication is protected by law or by a confidentiality agreement. A client may require the lawyer to implement special security measures not required by this Rule or may give informed consent to the use of a means of communication that would otherwise be prohibited by this Rule.
[17] 在传送包含与客户代理相关的信息时,律师必须采取合理的预防措施以防止信息落入未预期的接收人手中。该项注意义务并不要求律师在合理预期能够提供隐私保护的通讯手段之外采取特殊的安全措施。但特殊情况下可能有必要采取特别的预防措施。在确定律师有关保密性的预期是否合理时,应考虑的因素包括信息的敏感性以及所采用的通讯方式的私密性是否受到法律或保密协议的保护。客户可以要求律师实施本条规则没有要求的特别安全措施,或者也可以对本规则本来禁止采用的通讯方式给予知情同意。
Former Client
以前的客户
[18] The duty of confidentiality continues after the client-lawyer relationship has terminated. See Rule 1.9(c)(2). See Rule 1.9(c)(1) for the prohibition against using such information to the disadvantage of the former client.
[18] 保密义务在客户-律师关系终止后继续有效。请参见“规则1.9(c)(2)”。关于禁止使用此等信息以损害以前客户利益的规定,请参见“规则1.9(c)(1)”。
加载中,请稍候......